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«Методическое пособие по английскому языку»
Департамент образования и науки Курганской области
Государственное профессиональное образовательное
учреждение среднего профессионального образования
«Курганский промышленный техникум»
Пшеничная А.С.
СБОРНИК ТЕКСТОВ
по английскому языку
для специальности
Управление качеством продукции, процессов и услуг
Курган
2024
Пшеничная, А.С. Сборник технических текстов по английскому языку для обучающихся программ подготовки специалистов среднего звена.- Курган, 4-17.-30 с.
В сборнике представлены тексты на английском языке для обучающихся по специальности Управление качеством продукции, процессов и услуг. Целью сборника является формирование навыков говорения и чтения текстов на английском языке с целью извлечения необходимой информации, развитие коммуникативной компетенции во всех видах речевой деятельности.
Дорогой студент, данное учебное издание поможет тебе при изучении дисциплины иностранный язык (английский язык). Сборник поможет тебе при повторении материала, изученного на уроке, данное пособие научит тебя читать и понимать литературу на английском языке.
В сборнике находятся задания на повторение материала, который тебе понадобится при работе с текстом. В каждой теме дан список слов, основной целью которых является помочь тебе в работе с текстом, лучше понять его содержание и выполнить задания. Выполняя задания, ты сможешь закрепить свои умения по пройденной теме, расширить и углубить твои знания по предмету.
Некоторые методические рекомендации
Внимательно познакомься с новыми словами.
Приступай к работе с тексом. Большое внимание уделяется формированию навыков гибкого чтения (просмотрового и ознакомительного – «первое чтения текста», изучающего и поискового – «второе чтение текста»). После повторного чтения текста проверь, как ты понял прочитанное. С этой целью в сборнике имеются задания, позволяющие проверить понимание текста, способности свободно ориентироваться в изученном материале.
TEXT 1
CERTIFICATION IN RUSSIA
Exercise 1. Check whether you know the meaning of the following words and expressions:
Expenses, to meet requirements, obligatory, compatibility, to launch, to fall under regulation, to confirm, expertise, to declare, malfunction, security, to undertake, to possess, to be equal, overseas markets, to win a niche, legislature bodies, to request .
Certification is a series of actions, undertaken to confirm with the means of conformance certificates (specific documents) that a product meets certain standards or other requirements and regulations. Lots of foreign companies spend a lot of time and money to prove a customer that their products possess high quality standards. According to non-Russian sources, those expenses reach up to 1-2% of all the manufacturers' expenses. Sometimes, the expenses are equal to the cost of reaching the quality standards themselves. All the spending comes in place because certification is a very effective tool to develop trade, promote products on the national and overseas markets as well as to win a niche on them for quite a long period of time. All that gives ground to wide use of certification.
Certification was introduced to defend the market form the malfunction products. On the one hand, security, health and environmental issues make the legislature bodies rest responsibility for low quality products with the manufacturers, suppliers etc. On the other hand, those issues make the legislature bodies introduce the minimum of obligatory requirements to the properties of the products offered to the market. The first group includes such law practices as the Russian law "On the protection of consumers' interests" or the EU law "On the responsibility for the products." Regulations, setting the minimum of obligatory requirements for products properties, can refer to the whole group of products or their subgroups, like the laws "On Toys", "Electromagnetic Compatibility" and others. The legislation puts limits on the use of products, falling under its regulation in part or as a whole. It is also said that in that case a product falls under the legislature regulation. If product properties in part or as a whole are not regulated by national laws, a product can be offered on the given market without any limits and it is said that a product does not fall under the legislature regulation.
For offering a product, which falls under the legislature regulation, one needs to obtain the confirmation that the product meets all legislature requirements. One of the forms of that kind of confirmation is certification, implemented by a third independent party (besides a manufacturer and a consumer, which are the other parties in the process). If a product does not fall under legislature regulation, it can be offered to the given market without limits and there is no need to confirm its properties.
In case there is no legislature regulation, suppliers can get their products certified by a third party at their own initiative, requesting the confirmation of certain properties. Suppliers can request the confirmation according to specific standards and technical requirements. Suppliers should have a clear vision of how they can profit from certification, for example, by launching an advertising campaign with an expertise from a third independent party.
Certification is needed for manufacturing and selling goods on the territory of the Russian Federation as well as for their customs clearance in all varieties and quantities. Certification confirms the quality characteristics declared by a manufacturer, makes export and import easier and gives goods additional competition advantages on the market.
Exercise 2. Search the text for the following word combinations:
Третья независимая сторона, соответствовать требованиям, подпадать под, разрешение таможни, рекламная кампания, дополнительные преимущества в конкуренции, с одной стороны, получить подтверждение, иметь четкое представление, поставщики, затраты достигают, эффективное средство.
Exercise 3. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
One should have the confirmation that a product meets necessary requirements.
Certification is used to protect customers and market from products of poor quality.
Customers spend a lot of time and money to prove that their products possess high quality standards.
Suppliers can profit from certification, for example, by launching an election campaign with an expertise from a third independent party.
The legislature bodies introduce the minimum of obligatory requirements to the quantity of the products offered to the market.
The quality characteristics declared by a manufacturer are checked by a third independent party.
Certification helps to promote goods on the domestic and international markets.
Sometimes expenses on an advertising campaign reach up to 1-2%.
Exercise 4. Make the sentences complete.
... introduce the minimum of obligatory ... .
... needed for manufacturing and selling ... .
On the other hand.
technical requirements.
rest responsibility . .
to confirm its properties.
Lots of foreign.
declared by a manufacturer.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
In principle, the process of voluntary certification is similar to the one.
Certification bodies have to be institutions.
The certificate of GOST is a document certified that the products satisfy safety and quality.
The program, which was in 2009, comprehensively covers all aspects of management.
Works on the products certification in the GOST Certification System are carried out in accordance with normative and documents.
In the List there are also references to normative documents that have to be when procedure begins.
New computer software is often ... with older computers.
Certifications help to ensure that properties of products provide health and of customers.
Exercise 6. Match the word to the correct definition.
certification
confirmation
supply
advertisement
competition
trade
market
vision
power of seeing or imagining, looking ahead
publ ic announcement in the press or TV c) public place where people meet to buy and sell d) exchange of goods for money or other goods e) the p ro ces s of proving that the facts are true f) a s t at ement that shows that something is true g) s t o ck or amount of something which is obtainable h) ac tivity at which skill, knowledge is tested
Some/ even/ candidates/ require/ organizations/ to obtain/ in order/ certifications/ certain/ to perform/ functions.
The certificate/ accredited/ body/ authorized/ test reports/ by/ is given/ on the basis of/ first of all/ the.
Russian manufacturers/ easier/ valid in Russia/ in technical/ to fix and orientate/ regulation requirements/ are.
A certification/ a way/ to demonstrate/ in this area/ provides/ for professionals/ and expertise/ their knowledge.
The information/ on the official/ about/ may be/ web-site/ certification/ found.
Obtaining an industry/ boost/ potential/ can/ individuals’/ earning/ can/ standard.
Those who/ who is/ must/ typically/ have their work/ aren’t certified/ checked/ by someone.
Exercise 8. Translate the following vocabulary article into English.
Сертификация в общепринятой международной терминологии определяется как установление соответствия. Национальные законодательные акты различных стран конкретизируют: соответствие чему устанавливается, и кто устанавливает это соответствие. Сертификация - это документальное подтверждение соответствия продукции определенным требованиям, конкретным стандартам или техническим условиям. Сертификация продукции представляет собой комплекс мероприятий (действий), проводимых с целью подтверждения посредством сертификата соответствия (документа), что продукция отвечает определенным стандартам. Многие зарубежные фирмы расходуют большие средства и время на доказывание потребителю, что их продукция имеет высокое качество. Так, по зарубежным источникам, величина издержек на эти работы составляет около 1-2% всех затрат предприятий-изготовителей.
Exercise 9. Speak on the following topics:
Product certification
European professional qualification directives
Homologation
TEXT 2
CERTIFICATION MARKS
Exercise 1. Check whether you know the meaning of the following words and expressions:
Certification mark, to indicate, legal follow-up, legal evidence, legal assurance, to enable compliance, maintenance, test specimen, to fail an audit, stakeholder, end-user customer, to be eligible for, field installation, performance of services, technical issues, workaround, to offer goods, to render services.
A certification mark on a commercial product indicates five things:
The existence of a legal follow-up or product certification agreement between the manufacturer of a product and an organization with national accreditation for both testing and certification
Legal evidence that the product was successfully tested in accordance with a nationally accredited standard
Legal assurance that the accredited certification organization has ensured that the item was successfully tested and is identical to that which is being offered for sale
Legal assurance that the successful test has resulted in a certification listing, which is considered public information, which sets out the tolerances and conditions of use for the certified product, to enable compliance with the law through listing and approval use and compliance
Legal assurance that the manufacturer is being regularly audited by the certification organization to ensure the maintenance of the original process standard that was employed in the manufacture of the test specimen that passed the test. If the manufacturer should fail an audit, all product that was certified, including labels of stock on hand, on construction sites, with end-user customers and on distributor store shelves, can be mandated by the certification organization in charge to be immediately removed, and can insist that all stakeholders be informed that the de-listed product certification is no longer eligible for use in field installations.
On the part of the certifier, the label itself is a type of trademark whereby the manufacturer uses the mark to indicate eligibility of the products for use in field installations in accordance with the requirements of the code, and/or the origin, material, mode of manufacture of products, mode of performance of services, quality, accuracy of other characteristics of products or services.
Certification marks differ from collective trade marks. The main difference is that collective trade marks may be used by particular members of the organization which owns them, while certification marks are the only evidence of the existence of follow-up agreements between manufacturers and nationally accredited testing and certification organizations. Certification organizations charge for the use of their labels and are thus always aware of exact production numbers. In this way, certification organizations can be seen to earn a commission from sales of products under their follow-up regimes. In return, the use of the certification marks enables the product sales in the first place.
Certification is often mistakenly referred to as an "approval", which is often not true. Organizations such as Underwriters Laboratories, and CSA International for instance, only "list", they do not approve anything except the use of the mark to show that a product has been certified. Thus, for instance a product certification mark for a fire door or for a spray fireproofing product does not signify its universal acceptance for use within a building. Approvals are up to the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), such as a municipal building inspector or fire prevention officer. Conversely, FM Global does use the term "Approvals" for its certification listings, which are intended for use of the products within buildings that are insured by FM Global. The German accreditor Deutsches Institut fur Bautechnik (DIBt) issues "Approvals" for systems. All of these listed products must conform to listing and approval use and compliance.
For various reasons, usually relating to technical issues, certification marks are difficult to register, especially in relation to services. One practical workaround for trade mark owners is to register the mark as an ordinary trade mark in relation to quality control and similar services.
Certification marks can be owned by independent companies absolutely unrelated in ownership to the companies, offering goods or rendering services under the particular certification mark.
Exercise 2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
Legal evidence that the product was successfully tested is one of the characteristics indicated by the certification mark.
Collective trade marks and certification marks are synonymous notions.
Certification is often the same as an "approval".
Certification marks are very easy to register.
Collective trade marks may be used by particular members of the organization which owns them.
Exercise 3. Do you know the meaning of the prefix dis- ?
The prefix dis- has three meanings:
away, away from, or out of;
the opposite of;
to fail, stop, or refuse to.
Read the words listed below. Then write 1, 2, or 3 to show the meaning of the prefix in that word. If you’re not sure, check a dictionary.
1. __
___ disbelief
6. ___
__ disregard
2. __
___ dislocate
7. ___
__ dissatisfied
3. __
___ disagree
8. ___
__ disqualified
4. __
___ dishonest
9. ___
__ disown
5. __
___ displace
10. __
___ disobey
Exercise 4. For each word choose a group of its synonyms.
to indicate means: a) cancel, delete, remove; b) signify, mean, denote; c) bring, carry, move.
evidence means: a) proof, testimony, witness; b) attorney, barrister, lawyer; c) acuteness, danger, importance.
assurance means: a) attitude, expression, outlook; b) appraisal, estimation, evaluation; c) affirmation, guarantee, promise.
maintenance means: a) border, edge, latitude; b) guide, handbook, instructions; c) repairs, running, support.
eligible means: a) acceptable, proper, qualified; b) illusory, indefinable, puzzling; c) flexible, supple, variable.
Exercise 5. Translate the following article into English.
Современная рыночная экономика предъявляет принципиально новые требования к качеству выпускаемой продукции. В современном мире выживаемость любой фирмы, ее устойчивое положение на рынке товаров и услуг определяются уровнем конкурентоспособности. В свою очередь конкурентоспособность связана с двумя показателями - уровнем цены и уровнем качества продукции. Причем второй фактор постепенно выходит на первое место. Производительность труда, экономия всех видов ресурсов уступают место качеству продукции.
Качество продукции - важнейший показатель деятельности предприятия. Повышение качества продукции в значительной мере определяет выживаемость предприятия в условиях рынка, темпы научно-технического прогресса, рост эффективности производства, экономию всех видов ресурсов, используемых на предприятии. Рост качества продукции - характерная тенденция работы всех ведущих фирм мира. Она охватила европейские, американские и азиатские предприятия. И качество выпускаемой продукции - основной фактор конкуренции между фирмами.
Exercise 6. Speak on the following:
Conformance mark
Listing and approval use and compliance
Certification listing
Fire protection/Passive fire protection
Collective trade marks
Hallmark
Underwriters Laboratories
CSA International
Canadian Standards Association
State Quality Mark of the USSR
TEXT 3
INSTRUMENTATION
Exercise 1. Check whether you know the meaning of the following words and expressions:
Measurement, observation, valve, value, transmitter, density, viscosity, loop, pressure, frequency, solenoid, capacitance, relay, conductivity, to deal with, application, device, to manipulate, contrivance, to comprise, to provide, remote control, to be responsible for, to modify, ultimate aim.
Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and control. According to ISA or known as Instrumentation and Systems Automation Society formerly known as Instrument Society of America, the official definition of instrumentation - is a collection of instruments and their application for the purpose of observation, measurement and control.
An instrument is a device that measures or manipulates variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances which can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation.
Control instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, valves, circuit breakers, and relays. These devices are able to change a field parameter, and provide remote or automated control capabilities.
Transmitters are devices which produce an analog signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, or pressure are possible. This signal can be used to control other instruments directly, or it can be sent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system, or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values and used to control other devices and processes in the system.
Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.
Measurement. Instrumentation can be used to measure certain field parameters (physical values). These measured values include: pressure, either differential or static, flow, temperature - temperature measurement, level - level measurement, density, viscosity, radiation, current, voltage, inductance, capacitance, frequency, resistivity, conductivity, chemical composition, chemical properties, various physical properties.
In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters.
Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments which are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc. They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization and stability. To control the parameters in a process or in a particular system microprocessors, microcontrollers, PLCs, etc. are used, but their ultimate aim is to control the parameters of a system.
Instrumentation technologists, technicians and mechanics specialize in troubleshooting and repairing and maintenance of instruments and instrumentation systems. This trade is so intertwined with electricians, pipe fitters, power engineers, and engineering companies, that one can find himself in extremely diverse working situations. An over-arching term, instrument fitter is often used to describe people in this field, regardless of any specialization.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
What is instrumentation?
What are instruments used for?
What parameters do instruments measure?
What do technologists and mechanics specialize in?
What is instrumentation engineering focused on?
What measuring devices can you name?
What is produced by transmitters?
Exercise 3. Choose the correct word in these sentences.
Microprocessors/gauges/motors are used to control parameters of a system.
Microprocessors/gauges/motors are used for measuring the level of substances or temperature.
Such devices as solenoids, valves, circuit breakers, and relays are measuring/ control/troubleshooting instrumentation.
This analog signal can be used to control other instruments directly, or it can be sent to a system, or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values/messages/properties.
Technicians and mechanics specialize in repairing and maintenance of memory capacity/instruments/ computer chips and instrumentation systems.
Measuring instruments are used in industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system conductivity/productivity/resistivity.
Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that handles/distributes/refers to measurement and control.
The transducers/switches/isolators offer full scale pressure ranges from 2.5 psi up to 5000 psi.
Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with proper words.
frequency sensitivity distortion control measurement voltage relays stability microprocessor
Pressure transmitters provide excellent long-term ... .
Multi-level switches operate remote alarms or indicators and through accessory. can control pumps and other equipment.
Non-. sensors provide safe operation in hazardous areas.
The plastic strip thermometer gives fast and reliable . of temperature without the potential hazards posed by conventional thermometers.
The unit needs no limit switches, decelerating valves, mounting brackets or plumbing in many uses, yet includes close cylinder and valve coupling for efficient, leak-free motion . .
Designed for industrial metal working and machining operations, the unit is a .-based, closed-loop servomotor and drive.
Transducer cable lengths can vary without changing system . or introducing signal . .
This device offers high-power, low distortion and linear . response capabilities from D.C. to ultrasound.
Exercise 5. Match the appropriate parts of the sentences.
Transducer NPT 1 may be used in
Programmable logical controllers are implemented in ...
All you need to do is ...
The controller for air conditioning systems is designed for .
The system is fitted with its own .
Radio signals from the hand held remote .
Microprocessor pulse counter may be used for .
Multipurpose converter of analog signals provides .
data about physical parameters.
control every aspect of the machine.
power unit which provides hydraulics and electronic controls.
controlling processes in various industries.
total compliance with standards that ensure high reliability of hardware.
counting the amount of products on a conveyor.
monitoring and control of temperature in premises.
to connect a sensor and supply power to the instrument.
Exercise 6. Correct the sentences.
Valves are used to stop the flow of electricity.
Transmitters produce certain field parameters.
Voltmeter is an instrument that measures electric current.
Pressure meter is an instrument for measuring fluid pressure.
The SI unit for electric resistance is farad (F).
Viscosity is an important property of conductivity.
Relays are used to control the parameters in a process or in a particular system.
Frequency is measured in luxes (lx).
Exercise 7. Translate the following vocabulary article into English:
Под единством измерений понимают такое состояние измерений, при котором результаты всех измерений, проводимых в стране, выражаются в одних и тех же узаконенных единицах измерения и оценка их точности обеспечивается с гарантированной доверительной вероятностью. Сеть государственных метрологических органов и их деятельность, направленная на обеспечение единства измерений, называется государственной метрологической службой. Во главе её стоит Всероссийский Научноисследовательский институт метрологической службы. Деятельность государственных метрологических служб направлена на: 1. установление допущенных к применению единиц физических величин и системы государственных эталонов-единиц; 2. создание образцовых средств измерения, методов и средств измерения высшей точности; 3. разработку общероссийских поверочных схем; 4. разработку стандартных образцов и определение физических констант; 5. надзор за изготовлением и эксплуатацией средств измерения за счет государственных испытаний новых средств измерения и системы проверки.
Exercise 8. Speak on the following:
Metrology
Measuring instrument
Instrumentation/ Instrument Society of America
TEXT 4
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Exercise 1. Check whether you know the meaning of the following words and expressions:
Legal monopoly, creation of the mind, fields of law, intellectual property law, to grant exclusive rights, intangible assets, discovery, invention, copyright, trademark, patent, jurisdiction, commonplace, temporary, to limit, to exclude, simultaneously, to apply, marginal cost, distribution, establishment, trade-off, relevant benefits and costs, to depend, optimum period, to found, to merge, to adopt, protection, to found, prohibition, fraud, deception.
Intellectual property (IP) is a number of distinct types of legal monopolies over creations of the mind, both artistic and commercial, and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some jurisdictions. These exclusive rights allow owners of intellectual property to reap monopoly profits. These monopoly profits provide a financial incentive for the creation of intellectual property, and pay associated research and development costs.
Although many of the legal principles governing intellectual property have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the term intellectual property began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the United States.
Intellectual property rights are temporary state-enforced monopolies regarding use and expression of ideas and information. Intellectual property rights are usually limited to non-rival goods, that is, goods which can be used or enjoyed by many people simultaneously - the use by one person does not exclude use by another. This is compared to rival goods, such as clothing, which may only be used by one person at a time. For example, any number of people may make use of a mathematical formula simultaneously. Some objections to the term intellectual property are based on the argument that property can only properly be applied to rival goods (or that one cannot "own" property of this sort).
Since a non-rival good may be simultaneously used (copied, for example) by many people (produced with minimal marginal cost), monopolies over distribution and use of works are meant to give producers incentive to create further works. The establishment of intellectual property rights, therefore, represents a trade-off, to balance the interest of society in the creation of non-rival goods (by encouraging their production) with the problems of monopoly power. Since the trade-off and the relevant benefits and costs to society will depend on many factors that may be specific to each product and society, the optimum period of time during which the temporary monopoly rights should exist is unclear.
History. Modern usage of the term intellectual property goes back at least as far as 1888 with the founding in Berne of the Swiss Federal Office for Intellectual Property. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they also located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property. The organization subsequently relocated to Geneva in 1960, and was succeeded in 1967 with the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) by treaty as an agency of the United Nations. According to Lemley, it was only at this point that the term really began to be used in the United States, and it did not enter popular usage until passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980.
The concept appears to have made its first appearance after the French revolution. In an 1818 collection of his writings, the French liberal theorist, Benjamin Constant, argued against the recently-introduced idea of "property which has been called intellectual."
The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist. The Talmud contains the prohibitions against certain mental crimes which some have interpreted as prohibiting theft of ideas, though the doctrine is principally concerned with fraud and deception, not property.
Exercise 2. Search the text for the following word combinations.
Придать стимул производителям, исключительные права, творения разума, некоторые возражения, собрание сочинений, именно в это время, можно проследить дальше, не конкурирующие товары, мошенничество, представлять баланс, кража идей, относится к, соответствующие области.
Exercise 3. Sort out the sentences in the order they appear in the text.
Theft of ideas was mentioned in the ancient writings on Jewish law.
According to the law the authors obtain exclusive rights.
The term became popular after the bill had been passed.
Profits obtained allow the authors to pay expenses.
Intellectual property is a monopoly over creations of the mind.
A product can be easily copied or used.
Monopolies on rights give producers incentive to create further works.
Trademarks or copyrights are usual types of intellectual property.
Exercise 4. Guess the words by their definition.
the complete control of trade in particular goods or a service
not for public use; belonging to a particular person
things that are owned by somebody
a symbol or a name that a company uses for its products
an official right to the person who made an invention
the process (act) of finding something or learning about something
to take something from a person without permission and not to intend to return
known to be genuine and not a copy
Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with proper words.
rights trademark granted reserves
protection plagiarism possession economics
Permission to photocopy is ... for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center.
Many people tie up the concept of property with . .
All cases of . are prosecuted by the law.
The increasing number of online courses and use of the Internet in distance learning is redefining copyright . boundaries on intellectual property.
The management . the right to refuse admission.
Because information can be trivially copied, the ... of intellectual property differ greatly from those of traditional property.
Exercise 8. Translate the following vocabulary article into English.
Интеллектуальная собственность - юридический термин, обозначающий все временно переданные лицу эксклюзивные нематериальные права. Прежде всего термин подразумевает временное обладание авторскими и смежными правами, обладание действующими свидетельствами на товарные знаки и действующими патентами. Юридическое содержание самого термина интеллектуальная собственность в большинстве стран не определено. В России термин определён в ст. 1225 части четвертой Гражданского кодекса РФ, принятой 24 ноября 2006 года как список результатов интеллектуальной деятельности и приравненных к ним средств индивидуализации, которым предоставляется правовая защита.
В широком понимании данный термин означает закрепленные законом временные исключительные права на результат интеллектуальной деятельности или средства индивидуализации. Законодательство, которое
определяет права на интеллектуальную собственность, устанавливает монополию авторов на определенные формы использования результатов своей интеллектуальной, творческой деятельности, которые, таким образом, могут использоваться другими лицами лишь с разрешения первых.
Exercise 9. Speak on the following:
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)
Arrow information paradox
Copy fraud
Doha Declaration
EU Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
Intellectual property issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH)
Intellectual property organization
Intellectual property software
Intellectual property valuation
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)
Plagiarism
Public domain
Scams in intellectual property
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Intellectual Property Day (April 26)
Types of intellectual property
Copyright
Domain name
Industrial design rights (or registered designs)
Know how
Moral rights
Trade dress
Trade secret
Trademark (including service marks)
Database right
TEXT 5
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARTIZATION
Exercise 1. Check whether you know the meaning of the following words and expressions:
Widely known, international body, to be composed of, representative, various, to found, founder, to promulgate, worldwide standards, headquarters, to set standards, law, treaty, to act as a consortium, strong links, to adopt, equal, to recognize, to reflect the aim, available specifications, corrigenda, guide, to include, incomplete standards, circumstances, reference, explanation, the subject in question, under development, immediate possibility, agreement, prior to, dual logo, collaboration, external organization, similar to, technical flaws, usability improvements, to extend applicability, limited way, generally, to issue, expectation to affect standard, to be updated, to withdraw, scheduled review.
The International Organization for Standardization, widely known as ISO, is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. While ISO defines itself as a non-governmental organization, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through treaties or national standards, makes it more powerful than most non-governmental organizations. In practice, ISO acts as a consortium with strong links to governments.
Name and abbreviation. The organization's logos in its two official languages, English and French, include the word ISO, and it is usually referred to by this short-form name. ISO is not an acronym or initialism for the organization's full name in either official language. Rather, the organization adopted ISO based on the Greek word isos, meaning equal. Recognizing that the organization’s initials would be different in different languages, the organization's founders chose ISO as the universal short form of its name. This, in itself, reflects the aim of the organization: to equalize and standardize across cultures.
International Standards and other publications. ISO's main products are the International Standards. ISO also publishes Technical Reports, Technical Specifications, Publicly Available Specifications, Technical Corrigenda, and Guides.
International Standards are identified in the format ISO[/IEC][/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title, where nnnnn is the number of the standard, yyyy is the year published, and Title describes the subject. IEC for International Electrotechnical Commission is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with ASTM International. The date and IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard, and may under some circumstances be left off the title of a published work.
Technical Reports are issued when "a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard", such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except TR prepended instead of IS in the report's name. Examples:
ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management
ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation - Metadata for construction documentation
Technical Specifications can be produced when "the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard". Publicly Available Specifications may be "an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization". Both are named by convention similar to Technical Reports, for example:
ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation — Reference designation system — Part 1: General application rules
ISO sometimes issues a Technical Corrigendum. These are amendments to existing standards because of minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or to extend applicability in a limited way. Generally, these are issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.
ISO Guides are meta-standards covering "matters related to international standardization". They are named in the format "ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title", for example:
ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary
ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
When was ISO founded?
What are its functions?
Why was ISO chosen as the universal short form?
In what cases can technical specifications be produced?
What does the notion Technical Corrigendum mean?
Exercise 3. Match the words with their definitions.
organization
standard
the system by which a state is controlled
body of persons appointed for a special function by a larger body
representative
headquarters
government
specification
administrative centre of an organization
discovering errors and their corrections
body, system or society
object, quality, or measure serving as a basis, example, or principle to which others conform or should conform or by which others are judged
corrigenda
committee
cooperation
the process of working or acting together
statement or circumstance that clarifies something
act of specifying; detail of the design and materials etc. of work done or to be done
10.explanation
j. sample, specimen, or typical embodiment of; an agent of a person or society; delegate; substitute, deputy
Exercise 4. Match the word with its opposite and with a group of its synonyms.
Word
Antonyms
Synonyms
1. external
a. different
I. halfway, inbetween, intermediary, median, middle, midway
2. available
b. non-profit-making
II. alike, corresponding, equivalent, identical, like, the same
3. incomplete
c. inaccessible, beyond the reach
III. cosmopolitan, general, global, intercontinental, universal, worldwide
4. equal
d. total, clear, integrate, absolute, direct,
profound, stark, perfect, outright, entire,
thorough
IV. accessible, at hand, free, obtainable, ready, vacant, within reach
5. intermediate
e. weak
V. exoteric, exterior, foreign, outer, outside, surface, visible
6. international
f. fixed, steady
VI. hefty, robust, strapping, strong, sturdy
7. official
g. local
VII. business, monetary, profitable, saleable, trading
8. powerful
h. internal
VIII. accredited, approved,
authorized, certified, legitimate,
licensed
9. commercial
i. informal
IX. broken, deficient, fragmentary, imperfect, lacking, unfinished
10. variable
j. extreme
X. flexible, unpredictable, unstable
Exercise 5. Give a written translation of the following articles:
Variant A.
ISO Document Copyright
ISO documents are copyrighted and ISO charges for copies of most. ISO does not, however, charge for most draft copies of documents in electronic format. Although useful, care must be taken using these drafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before it becomes finalized as a standard. Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and the International Electrotechnical Commission's via the U.S. National Committee) are made freely available.
Variant B:
ISO Members
ISO has 158 national members, out of the 203 total countries in the world.
ISO has three membership categories:
Member bodies are national bodies that are considered to be the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.
Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about ISO's work, but do not participate in standards promulgation.
Subscriber members are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.
Participating members are called "P" members as opposed to observing members which are called "O" members.
Exercise 6. Translate the following vocabulary article into English.
Международная организация по стандартизации (ISO) - международная организация, занимающаяся выпуском стандартов, создана в 1946 году двадцатью пятью национальными организациями по стандартизации. Фактически её работа началась с 1947 года. СССР был одним из основателей организации, постоянным членом руководящих органов, избирался председателем организации. Россия стала членом ISO как правопреемник CCCP. 23 сентября 2005 года Россия вошла в Совет ISO.
При создании организации и выборе её названия учитывалась необходимость того, чтобы аббревиатура наименования звучала одинаково на всех языках, вот почему на всех языках мира Международная организация по стандартизации имеет краткое название ISO.
Сфера деятельности ISO касается стандартизации во всех областях, кроме электротехники и электроники, относящихся к компетенции Международной электротехнической комиссии (МЭК, IEC). Некоторые виды работ выполняются совместными усилиями этих организаций. Кроме стандартизации, ISO занимается проблемами сертификации.
ISO определяет свои задачи следующим образом: содействие развитию стандартизации и смежных видов деятельности в мире с целью обеспечения международного обмена товарами и услугами, а также развития сотрудничества в интеллектуальной, научно-технической и экономической областях.
Exercise 7. Make up a dialogue using the following paraphrasing expressions:
