Учебное пособие по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык (английский)

Министерство образования и науки Краснодарского края

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования

"Брюховецкий аграрный колледж" Краснодарского края

По дисциплине

«Иностранный язык (английский)»

ст. Брюховецкая

2013г.

Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании

ЦК ОГСЭД РИЯЗ

Протокол № __ от «__»_____ .2013 г.

Председатель ЦК ОГСЭД РИЯЗ

___________ (Чернякова Л.В.)

(подпись)

Автор: Репич Е.Б.

Рецензент: Кузнецова С.Г.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение……………………………………………………………………………	6
Раздел I."Law and Order"………………………………………………………..	8
Тема: “An Outline of Lawmaking Process in Great Britain”…………………………	10
Тема: “An Outline of Lawmaking Process in USA”…………………………………….	7
Тема: “The Court System of England and Wales”………………………………………	12
Раздел II. “People in Law Cases in Great Britain”………………………………	15
Тема: “Solicitors and Barristers…………………………………………………………..	15
Тема: “Judges”………………………………………………………………………………	18
Раздел III. “ Great Britain”……………………………………………………….	22
Тема: “The System of Government”………………………………………………………	22
Тема: “Parliament…………………………………………………………………………..	24
Тема: “The Executive”……………………………………………………………………...	27
Тема: “Member of Parliament”……………………………………………………………	30
Тема: “Political Parties”…………………………………………………………………..	33
Тема: “The Royal Family”…………………………………………………………………	35
Раздел IV. “USA”………………………………………………………………….	36
Тема: “The Constitution”…………………………………………………………………..	36
Тема: “The American System of Government”………………………………………….	40
Тема: “Congress”……………………………………………………………………………	42
Тема: “President and Federal Departments”……………………………………………	44
Тема: “ Federal Departments”…………………………………………………………….	47
Тема: “Political Parties”…………………………………………………………………...	50
Тема: “Elections”……………………………………………………………………………	52
Раздел V. “Crime and Punishment”……………………………………………...	55
Тема: “Crime” ……………………………………………………………………...	55
Тема: “Murder” …………………………………………………………………….	56
Тема: “A Policeman and the Criminal World” …………………………………….	55
Раздел VI. “You – the Jury?”……………………………………………………..	58
Тема: “A Handbook on Jury Service”…………………………………………...............	61
Тема: “Kind of Cases” ……………………………………………………………..	63
Тема: “Justice?” ………………………………………………………………........	66
Используемая литература………………………………………………………..	70

Словарь – приложение 1

Тесты – приложение 2

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие по английскому языку является основной частью учебно-методического комплекса для студентов по специальности «Право и организация социального обеспечения».

Данное пособие рассчитано на лиц, имеющих базовую начальную подготовку по английскому языку, овладевших лексическим и грамматическим минимумом для осуществления речевой деятельности в ситуациях социально-бытовой сферы общения.

Целью пособия является развитие навыков устной и письменной речи в профессиональной деятельности на английском языке. В пособии используются современные аутентичные материалы, обработанные и адаптированные для студентов юридического профиля.

Цель его – последовательно провести студентов по разделам специальной лексики и грамматики, на современных текстах ввести страноведческий материал и сформировать навыки работы с литературой по специальности. Правовая лексика вводится тематически, закрепляют в разнообразных упражнениях и находит своё применение в дискуссиях и ролевых играх.

Пособие состоит из 6 разделов, каждый из которых представляет собой тематически завершенное целое. Все разделы имеют единую структуру, что позволяет осуществлять поэтапное, целенаправленное формирование языковых, речевых, коммуникативных навыков и умений. Перед каждым текстом дается словарь, а после текста дается система упражнений, направленных на активное усвоение лексического и речевого материала. К каждому тексту предусмотрены текстовые задания, целью которых является проверка понимания текста.

В первом разделе обсуждаются общие проблемы права. Во втором разделе дается обзор правых систем Великобритании и США. В третьем разделе детально рассматривается государственная и правовая системы Великобритании. Четвёртый раздел описывает государственную и правовую системы США. Пятый раздел посвящен проблемам уголовного права. В шестом разделе анализируется система суда присяжных на примере США.

Материалы пособия могут использоваться, как для самостоятельной работы студентов над языком, так и на практических занятиях с преподавателем. Неизменным условием работы с данными учебным пособием является атмосфера доброжелательности, доверия, сотрудничества между преподавателем и студентами.

Раздел I. «Law and Order»

Тема: “An Outline of Lawmaking Process in Great Britain”

I.gVocabulary.

Legislation	законодательство
House of Lords	палата Лордов
Bill	иск, петиция, судебный приказ
Stage	стадия, период
Occasion	случай
Debate	обсуждение
Detail	подробность, деталь
Committee	комитет
Report	доклад
To amend	вносить поправку
Amendment	поправка
House of Commons	палата общин
Persistent	упорный
Disagreent	разногласие
To prevail	существовать
Reigning	царствование
Monarch	монарх
Royal	королевский
Assent	согласие
Formality	формальность

II.cRead and translate the text.

“Britain”

New legislation in Britain usually starts in the House ofLords. In each house a bill is considered in three stages, called readings. In each house a bill is considered in three stage, called readings. The first reading is purely formal, to introduce the bill. The second reading is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in detail by a committee.

The bill is then returned to one of the houses for the report stage, when it can be amended. If passed after its third reading, it goes to the other house. Amendments made to a bill by the House of Lords must be considered by the Commons. If the House of Commons does not agree, the bill is altered and sent bask to the Lords. In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses, Common prevails. Finally, the bill goes to the reigning monarch for the royal assent. Nowadays the royal assent is merely a formality. In theory the queen could still refuse her consent, but the last monarch to use this power was Queen Anne, who vetoed the unpopular Militia Bill in 1707.

III.gAswer the questions.

1) In which House does new legislation usually start?

2) What is a bill?

3) How does a bill become a law?

4) Who has the right of veto?

IV. Fill in missing words and translate the sentences.

1) The second reading is usually ……… for debate.

2) The bill is then …………to one ofthe house for the report …………, when it can be amended.

3) …………made to a bill by the House of Lords must be considered by ………..

4) In the event of …………disagreements between the two houses, Commons ………….

5) Nowadays …………assent is merely a formality.

the occasion, returned, stage, amendments, the Commons, persistent, prevails.

V. Work in groups. Make a list of arguments for and against the following statements.

1) Laws haven’t changed since primeval times.

2) However hard people try, laws are always insufficient.

3) Laws are not for ordinary people, they are for lawyers.

Тема: “An Outline of Lawmaking Process in USA”

I.gVocabulary.

Congress	конгресс
Government	правительство
Senate	сенат (верхняя палата конгресса США)
Congressman	член палаты представителей конгресса США
To initiate	начинать
Referred	переданный на рассмотрение
To approve	одобрять
Shelve	откладывать в долгий ящик
Draft	проект
Hearing	слушание
Debate	обсуждение
To confer	представлять
The Committee on House Administration	комитет в палате администрации
The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration	сенат комитета по правам и администрации
Veto	вето
Majority	большинство

II.cRead and translate the text.

“United States.”

The US Congress, the lawmaking arm of the federal government, consists of two House: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Any congressman in either house, or the president, may initiate new legislation.

The proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives, than referred to one of the standing committees, which organizer hearings on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. If the committee passes the bill, it is considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. If passed there, it goes to the Senate for a similar sequence of committee hearings and general debate.

In cases of disagreement, the House of Representatives and the Senate confer together. Once passed by the Senate as a whole, the bill has to be examined by two more standing committees – the Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration – and is then signed by the speaker of the House and by the president of the Senate.

Finally it must be signed by the president, who has the right too veto it. If the president vetoes a bill, it can still become a law – but only if it is passed by a two-thirds majority in both of Congressed.

III. Find and write down the end of the sentence. Translate the sentences.

1) Any congressman in either house ……………

2) House of Representatives, than referred ………….

3) In cases of disagreement …………

4) If the committee passes the bill ………….

5) If the president vetoes a bill ……………

IV. Make short retelling of this text (about 10 sentences).

V. Find Russian equivalents.

Federal government

House of Representatives

committee hearings

two-thirds majority

general debate

new legislation

Тема: “The Court System of England and Wales”

I.gVocabulary.

Magistrate	магистрат
Crown Court	суд короны
Branch	ветвь
To deal	иметь дело
Case	случай
Appeal	апелляция
Point	пункт
European Court	европейский суд
Individual	личность
Petition	прошение
European Court of Human Rights	европейский суд по правам человека
Legal	юридический
Juvenile	судья по делам несовершеннолетних
Administrative	административный
Tribunal	трибунал
Dispute	спор

II.cRead the text and examine the chart.

“The Court of England and Wales”

The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates’ court. There are 700 magistrates’ courts and about 30000 magistrates/

More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases are dealt with in Country courts.

Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates’ courts are head in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts). Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights. The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners’ courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standarts, disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).

The legal system in England and Wales.

(The system in Northern Ireland is similar, but the system in Scotland is quite different and separate)

The House of Lords - Criminal courts	3 Law lords
Court of Appeal 1-3 judges, no jury	Civil courts
Country courts 1 judge, no jury	High Court 1-2 judges, no jury
Magistrates’ Courts, 3 magistrates’ no jury	Crown Court 1 judge + jury

III. Find in the text the England equivalents for the words below.

-общее время

-решение суда

-уголовный кодекс

-гражданский кодекс

-мировой судью

-Суд короны

-гражданское дело

-суды графств

-европейский суд по правам человека

-правовая система

-суд по делам несовершеннолетних

-правонарушитель

-насильственная смерть

-уголовное дело

IV. Answer the questions.

1) Who is responsible for making laws in Britain?

2) In the United Kingdom, what is the difference between criminal and civil law?

3) What is the most common type of law court in England and Wales?

4) Name three other types of British courts.

V. Work in pairs and discuss the following. Which courts do you think deal with:

1) a bank robbery?

2) a divorce case?

3) a burglary committed by a fifteen-year-old?

4) a drowning?

5) a case of driving too fast?

Раздел II. “People in Law Cases in Great Britain”

Тема: “Solicitors and Barristers”

I.gVocabulary.

Solicitor	солиситор (амер. юрисконсульт)
Increasing	увеличение
Rapidly	быстро
Profession	юридический
Document	профессия
Advocacy	документ
Barrister	англ. Барристер (адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах)
To represent	представлять
To prosecute	поддерживать обвинение
Medieval	средневековый
Coroner	коронер (следователь, специальной функцией, которого является расследование случаев насильственной или внезапной смерти)
Clerk	служащий
Judge	судья
Jury	присяжные
Conception	концепция
Matrimonial	брачный

II.cRead the following text.

“Solicitors and Barristers”

England is almost unique in having two different of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers.

If a person has a legal problem, he will go and see a solicitor. Almost every town will have at least one. In fact there are at least 50000 solicitors in Britain and the number is increasing.

Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates’ Courts, the lowest Courts. He prepares the case and the evidence. He actually speaks in Court for you.

In a civil action he can speak in the Country Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts. In the Country Court the solicitor wears a black gown over his ordinary clothes.

A solicitor also deals with matters outside Court. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, for instance. He writes legal letters for you and carries on legal arguments outside Court. If you want to make a will the best man to advice you is a solicitor.

To qualify as a solicitor a young man or woman joins a solicitor as a “clerk” and work for him whilst studying part time for the “Law Society” exams. Interestingly enough, it is not necessary for you to go to university. When you have passed all the necessary exams, you can “practice” which means you can start business on your own.

Barristers are different from solicitor. Barristers are expert in the interpretation of the law. There are called into advise on really difficult points. The barrister is also an expert on advocacy (the art presenting cases in Court). Indeed you must have a barrister, with one or two exceptions.

Barristers are rather remote figures. If you need one, for instance, you never see him without your solicitor being with him. Barristers do not have public offices in any street. They work in what are known as chambers, often in London. They all belong to institutions called Inns of Court, which are ancient organizations rather like exclusive clubs. In many ways the remoteness they have and the job they do are medieval in conception.

To qualify as a barristers you have to take the examinations of the Bar Council. There are over 5000 barristers in England. A good one can earn 30000 pounds a year. Only Barristers can become judges in an English Court above a Magistrates’ Court.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What is almost unique about the English legal system?

2) What kind of problems does a solicitor deal with?

3) How do you qualify as a solicitor?

4) What are barristers experts in?

5) When must you have you have a barrister?

IV. Choose the correct definition for each legal professions mentioned in the text.

1) a officer acting as a judge in the lower courts

2) a public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court.

3) a group of people who swear to give a true decision on issues of in a law court

4) an official who investigates the cause of any death thought to be violent or unnatural causes

5) a lawyer who has the right to speak and argue in higher law courts

6) a lawyer who prepares legal documents, advises clients on legal and speak for them in lower law courts.

V. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right.

a) witness	1. everything witnesses say court; facts …
b) cross-examine	2. where witnesses stand in court
c) witness box	3. someone who sees a crime or an accident
d) evidence	4. ask all witnesses involved in a case questions
e) defense	5. to say something happened though the fact hasn’t been proved yet
f) allege	6. all the evidence, facts, things, etc. that a solicitor can use to prove a man is not guilty

Тема: “Judges”

I.gVocabulary.

Majority	большинство
Ordinary	член суда, ординарный судья
Citizen	гражданин
Human	человеческий
Voluntarily	добровольно
Proportion	соотношение
Prison	тюрьма
Salary	жалование
Considerable	значительный
District	район, округ
Variety	множество
Sort	сорт
To punish	наказывать (в уголовном порядке)

II.cRead and translate text.

“Judges in Great Britain”

In Britain, the vast majority of judges (that is, the people who decide what should be done with people who commit crimes) are unpaid. They are called “Magistrates” or “Justices of the Peace” (JPs). They are ordinary citizen who are selected not because they have legal training but because they have “sound common sense” and understand their bellow human beings. They give up time voluntarily.

A small proportion of judges are not Magistrates. They are called “High Court Judges” and they deal with the most serious crimes, such as those for which the criminal might be sent to prison for more than a year. High Court Judges unlike Magistrates are paid salaries by the state and nave considerable legal training. Magistrates are selected by special committees in every town and district. Nobody, not even the Magistrates themselves, knows who is on the special committee in their area. The committee tries to draw Magistrates from as wide a variety of professions and social classes as possible.

III. Answer the questions.

1. What kind of people Magistrates.

2. Why are they selected?

3. Who would judge a person who had committed a crime like murder?

4. Who selects Magistrates and what is unusual about the system?

5. What does the Magistrate on the tape talk about?

6. What does the Magistrate use to describe most of the people who come before him?

7. How according to him, do they react to situations?

8. What does he think most of them need?

9. What sort of things does the public say about criminals?

10. What sort of people has the public sympathy for?

IV. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right.

a) inadequate	1. the main impression
b) punishment	2. not to have enough sympathy
c) overwhelming impression	3. treat too softly
d) insufficiently concerned with	4. inadequacies
e) shortcomings	5. the prison sentence or fine given to a criminal
f) molly-coddle	6. used for people who somehow lack the necessary intelligence or maturity to make a success of their lives
g) forgery	7. punishment in the form of money you have to pay the Court
h) post office savings book	8. owing other people a lot of money
i) put on probation	9. an old person receiving a person (money from the State)
j) old age pensioner	10. allowed to remain free but only under supervision
k) seriously in debt	11. signing a check or some other documents with another person’s name
l) a fine	12. many people have a post office saving account. They put sums of money in the post office. When they want to take this small book to the post office with them.

V. Fill in the sentences.

1) They are called “Magistrates” or …………….

2) A small proportion of judges ……………..

3) Magistrates are selected by special committees ………………

4) The committee tries to draw ………………

5) They give up ………………

VI. Find in the text sentences with the Infinitive and translate them.

Раздел III. “ Great Britain”

Тема: “The System of Government”

I.gVocabulary.

Constitution	конституция
Government	правительство
Effect	эффект
Parliament	парламент
Voter	избиратель
Leader	руководитель
Archbishops	архиепископ
Minister	министр
Servant	служащий
Official	должностное лицо
Lords Temporal	светские Лорды (члены палаты лордов)
Lord Spiritual	лорды духовного звания, духовные Лорды
Bishop	епископ
Hereditary	наследственный
Lord of Appeal	судебные Лорды, Лорды-судьи
Quorum	кворум, правомочный состав

II.cRead the text.

“The System of Government”

In theory, the constitution has three branches: Parliament , which makes laws, the government, which “executes” laws, i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.

Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. The Prime Minister or leader of the Government is also an MP usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons.

The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The cabinet includes the ministers in the charge of major government departments or ministers. Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials. Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants are employed.

The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal and the Lord Spiritual. The Lord Spiritual are the Archbishops of York and Canterbury together with twenty-four senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consists of hereditary peers who have inherited their titles; life peers who are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation; and the Lord Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve the House of Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are president over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appeal cases.

III. Answer the questions.

1) Which of these people are not elected: a peer, an MP, a civil servant, the Prime Minister?

2) What is the difference between life peers and hereditary peers, Lord Spiritual?

3) What are civil servant?

4) Which areas of government do these people deal with: The Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Home Secretary, the Lord Chancellor?

5) Find two example of executive organizations out side central government?

6) What differences are there between Parliament and the Government?

7) What are the similarities and differences between the UK parliamentary system and that of your own country?

IV. Make some sentences using new words.

V. Write down a retelling of the text.

VI. Make 5 questions to the text.

Тема: “Parliament”

I.gVocabulary.

Cabinet	кабинет
Backbencher	рядовой член парламента
Regulation	регулирование
Budget	бюджет
Front bench	переднее место (в парламенте)
Opposition	оппозиция
Foreign secretary	иностранный секретарь
Shadow cabinet	теневой кабинет
Home secretary	домашний кабинет
Leader of the Oppositions	руководитель оппозиции
Chancellor of the Exchequer	министр финансов
Public Bills	общественные законопроекты
Private Bills	неофициальные законопроекты
Royal Assent	королевская санкция(принятого Парламентом закона)
Stature Law	статутное право (право выраженное в законодательных актах)

II.cRead the text.

“Making new laws: Bills and Acts”

The functions of Parliaments are: Making laws; providing money for the government through taxation; examining government policy, administration and spending; debating political questions.

Every year Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly, by making Acts of Parliament. Because this can be a long process, Parliament sometimes a very general law and leaves a minister to fill in the details. In this way, it indirectly passes about 2000 additional rules and questions.

No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stage in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The monarch also has to give a Bill the Royal Assent, which is now lust a formality. Since 1707 no sovereign has refused a Bill. Whilst a law is still going through Parliament it is called a Bill. There are two main types of Bills-Public Bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private Bills which deal with local matters and individuals.

Public and Private Bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way. When a Bill is introduced in the House of Commons, it receives a formal first reading. It is then printed and read the second time, when it is debated but not amended. After the second reading the Bill is referred to a committee, either a special committee made up of certain members of the House, or to the House itself as a committee. Here it is discussed in detail and amended if necessary. The Bill is then presented for a third reading and is debated. If the Bill is passed by the Commons it goes to the Lords and provided it is not rejected by them, it goes through the same procedure as in the Commons. After receiving the Royal Assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament. In order to be enforced, it must be published in Statute Law. The power of the Lords to reject a Bill has been severely curtailed. A money Bill must be passed by the Lords without amendment within a month of being presented in the House. The Act of 1949 provides that any Public Bill passed by the Commons in two successive parliamentary session and rejected both times by the Lords, may be presented for the Royal Assent, even though it has not been passed by the Lords. The Lords therefore, can only delay the passage of a Public Bill, they cannot reject it.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What is the difference between a Bill and Act of Parliament?

2) What are the two types of Bills?

3) How many readings should a Bill receive to become an act?

4) What is the role of the House of Lords in law-making process?

5) Which if the two Houses of Parliament has more power?

6) How does a Bill go through Parliament?

IV. Find the equivalents.

1) абсолютное большинство

2) отклонить законопроект

3) выдвинуть законопроект

4) налогообложение

5) внести поправку в законопроект

6) обсуждать политические вопросы

7) королевская санкция

8) ассигновать деньги для нужд правительства

9) принять закон

10) обсуждать законопроект

11) подробно обсудить

12) направить законопроект на рассмотрение

13) отложить принятие законопроекта

V. Fill in the sentences.

1) Every year Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly …………

2) The monarch also has to give a Bill the Royal Assent ………….

3) Public and Private Bills are passed ………….

4) A money Bill must be passed by the Lords ………….

5) The power of the Lords to reject a Bill …………….

6) The Act of 1949 provides that any Public Bill ………….

7) The Lords therefore, can only delay ……………

VI. Translate from England into Russian the following expressions from the text.

-Statute Law

-to be published in Statute from

-to receive a formal reading

-to enforce an Act of Parliament

-to be severely curtailed

-a money Bill

Тема: “The Executive”

I.gVocabulary.

Executive	исполнительная власть
The Privy Council	тайный совет (в Великобритании)
The Ministry	министерство
Government Departments	правительственное ведомство
Authority	власть
Royal Charters	королевские грамоты
Commonwealth	содружество
The Home (Foreign) Office	министерство внутренних дел
The Treasure	казначейство
Cabinet	кабинет
Civil Service	государственная гражданская служба
Department of Education	министерство Образования
Ministry of Defense	министерство Обороны

II.cRead the text.

“The executive”

The executive can be divided into the three parts.

The Privy Council: The Privy Council developed from a small group of royal advisers at court into the chief source of executive authority. But its positions was weakened in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as more of its functions were transferred to a developing parliamentary Cabinet.

Today its main role is to advise the monarch on a range of matters, like the revolution of constitutional issues and the approval of Orders in Council, such as the granting of Royal Charters to public bodied. The most important ant task of the Privy Council today is performed by its judicial Committee. This serves as the final court of appeal from those dependencies and Commonwealth countries which have retained this avenue of appeal. It may also be used as an arbiter for a wide range of courts and committees in Britain and overseas, and its rulings can be influential.

The office of Privy Councilor is an honorary one, conferred, for example, on former Prime Ministers.

The Ministry: The Ministry is the government of the moment. The head of the Ministry is the Prime Minister. The functions of the Prime Minister are: leading the majority party, running the Government, appointing Cabinet Ministers and other ministers, representing the nation in political matters.

Upon accepting office the Prime Minister must form a government, that is, select a cabinet and ministry from among the Members of Parliament of his own party. The Cabinet constitutes the centre of the Government and is composed of about 20 of the most important ministers. All major decisions of the Government are made by the Cabinet, and therefore it is Cabinet which forms Government policy. Decisions made by the Cabinet must be unanimous. It makes its decisions collectively responsible to Parliament.

After the Prime Minister has formed his cabinet he selects the rest of his ministry. Most of these ministers are the political heads of Government Departments and are member of one of the Houses.

Government Departments: Government departments are responsible for implementing Government policy. Each department is headed by two people: a political head who is usually the minister and an administrative head from the Civil Service, called a permanent secretary. They are responsible for a permanent staff which is part of the Civil Service. They are many such departments, for example, the Home office, the Department is the Treasury and the Prime Minister is usually its political head. It is the Department which controls the economy of the nation. As well as government departments there are government agencies are subject to the control of one of the government departments.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What are the functions of Parliament?

2) What are the functions of the Prime Ministers?

3) What are the functions of the Privy Council?

4) What are the functions of the Cabinet?

5) What does the Cabinet consist of?

6) What is “collective responsibility”?

7) What are the functions of the Government department?

8) Who is each department headed by?

9) What is a government agency?

IV. Find the equivalents.

1) вступать в должность

2) сформировать правительство

3) круг вопросов

4) почетная должность

5) единогласное решение

6) осуществлять политику правительства

7) подлежать контролю

V. Make 5 questions to the text.

VI. Fill in the sentences.

1) ………… developed from a small group of royal advisers at court ……………

2) The office of ………….is an honorary one, …….., for example, on former ………….

3) …………is the government of the moment

4) The head of the Ministry …………….

5) The executive can be divided …………

6) ………… are responsible for implementing …………..

7) The most important department is ……………… and the …………… is usually its political head.

Тема: “Member of Parliament”.

I.gVocabulary.

Candidate	кандидат
Deposit	хранение, депозит
Signature	подпись
Resident	постоянный житель
Constituency	избирательный округ
Vote	голос
Publicity	публичность
Price	цена
Theoretically	теоретически
Bureau	бюро
Advice	извещение
Salary	жалование, оклад
Wage	заработная плата
Allowance	разрешение
To enable	давать возможность
To expect	ожидать

II.cRead the text.

“Members of Parliament”

Each Member of Parliament (MP) represents one of 650 constituencies in the UK. British elections are usually fought between political parties, not individuals. Therefore, people who want to be elected to Parliament need to be nominated by one of the main political parties.

There is nothing to stop unconventional candidates from standing for election, however. A candidate has only to put down a deposit of 500 pounds and collect ten signatures from residents in the constituency where he wants to stand. A candidate who gets less than 5 per cent of the total votes loses his deposit. For somebody who is standing for election for publicity purposes, this is a small price to pay. Although MPs will support a particular party, they are not controlled by that political party and theoretically do not have to vote with their party Parliament. MPs represent everyone in the constituency, not just the people who voted for them.

A lot of MPs work has nothing to do with voting in Parliament. There are hundreds of things MPs have to deal with in the day-to-day business of constituency life, such as housing or health care. MPs are there to people and to try to make sure their rights under the law are not violated.

Some MPs hold an advice bureau in their constituencies, where people can go for advice. Anyone who feel that he has been unfairly treated by the central government can complain to their local MP who will do his best to see that the problem is solved.

Members of Parliaments have been paid salaries since 1911. The rate has lately been nearly twice the average industrial worker’s wags. Since 1965 the allowances for travel, living in London and part time secretaries and research assistants, have all been increased. Still many MPs insist that they need to have outside earnings, through journalism, work in the Law courts or business, to enable them to live up to the standard they expect.

III. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases:

1) обращаться за советом

2) баллотировать в своем избирательном округе

3) нарушать права

4) выдвинуть свою кандидатуру от партии

5) собирать подписи

6) участвовать в избирательной компании в рекламных целях

7) средняя зарплата рабочего

8) не справедливо обойтись с кем-либо

IV. Answer the questions.

1) Who can stand for elections in Great Britain?

2) What does the job of a Member of Parliament consist of?

3) Who does a Member of Parliament represent?

4) As the job of a Member of Parliament a well-paid one?

5) Are there many women in Parliament in Great Britain? Can you compare this proportion to the proportion of women in the legislative body in your country?

V. Fill in the sentences.

1) ………… represents one of 650 constituencies in …………

2) A candidate has only to put down ………..and collect ………..from residents in the constituency where he wants to stand

3) A lot of ………… has nothing to do with voting ……………

4) ………… have been paid salaries …………….

5) …………the allowances for travel, living in London and part time secretaries and research.

Тема: “Political Parties”

I.gVocabulary.

Conservative party	консервативная партия
Labour party	лейбористская партия
Liberal Democrats	либерально-демократическая партия
Successor	преемник
Enterprise	предприятие
Importance	важность
Conference	конференция
Foundation	основание
Private	частный
To subordinate	подчинять
Revolution	революция
Single	единственный
Environment	окружающая среда
Ownership	право собственности
Identity	подлинность

II.cRead the text.

“Political Parties”

The main parties in the UK Conservative party (right wing), the Labour party (left wing) and Liberal Democrats (centre).

The Conservative party goes back to the Lories, or Royalists, who originated in King Charles’ reign (1660-1685). The Tories were the part that supported Church and King; the other main party at the time was the Wings, who were a group eager for political reform. The Tory party gave way to its successor, the Conservative party, the around 1830.

The Conservative party believes in free enterprise and the importance of a capitalist economy, with private ownership preferred to state control.

In 1899 the Trade Union Congress summoned a special conference of trade unions and socialist bodies to make plans to represent labour in Parliament. The proposal for such a meeting had come Thomas Steel, a member of the Independent Labour party which had been formed in 1893. The conference met in February 1900 in London and has always been looked on as the foundation of the Labour Party. The Labour party believes that private ownership and enterprise should be allowed to flourish, but not at expense of their traditional of the public services.

There has been a Liberal party in Great Britain since 1868 when the name was adopted by the Whig party. The Whig party was created after the revolution of 1688 and aimed to subordinate the power of Crown to that of Parliament and the upper classes. In 1981 a second centre party was created by 24 Labour MPs. It was called the Social Democratic party, and soon formed an alliance with the Liberal party. They formed a single party which became the Liberal Democrats after the 1987 election.

The Liberal Democrats believe that the state should have some control over the economy, but that there should be individual ownership.

There are other political parties within the UK. The Green party offers economic and industrial policies that relate directly to the environment. The Scottish Nationalist Party – is determined to preserve the Welsh language and culture as the foundation of a distinctive Welsh identity within the UK. Its radical wing has resorted to arson attempts as a means of protest.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What the origins of the main political parties on Great Britain?

2) What political priorities do the main political parties in Great Britain have?

3) In 1987 which of the biggest British political parties supported the following policies?

4) How is the date of a British general election decided?

IV. Make short retelling of this text (about 15 sentences).

V. Make 10 questions to the text.

Тема: “The Royal Family”.

I.gVocabulary.

Sovereign	монарх
Head of the Commonwealth	глава Содружества
Defender	защитник
Copy	копия
To undertake	обязываться
Abroad	за границу
Responsibility	ответственность
To reflect	отражать
Imperial	императорский
Regiment	полк
Expenses	расходы

II.cRead the text.

“The Royal Family”

Many member of the Royal Family undertake official duties in Britain and abroad. Their various responsibilities reflect tradition, their own personal interests and Britain’s former imperial status. For example, among her many titles the Princess Royal (Princess Anne) is Chancellor of the University of London, Colonel-in-Chief of eleven Army regiments, including the 8^th Canadian Hussars and the Royal Family’s money comes from two sources government funds and their own personal wealth, which is considerable. On the one hand the Queen is certainly one of the richest women in the world, while on the other her power is limited by the fact that so many of her expenses are paid for by government money. Parliament has had effective control of the monarch’s finances since the seventeenth century.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What power does the Queen have in government?

2) Who is next in line to the British crown after Prince Charles?

3) How can parliament control the Royal Family?

4) What connections can you find between the Royal Family and the world outside Britain?

5) Which member of the Royal Family has the highest member of public engagements?

IV. Find in the text sentences with the Infinitive and translate the sentences.

V. Write down retelling of the text in Russian.

Раздел IV. “USA”

Тема: “The Constitution”.

I.gVocabulary.

Agreement	соглашение
Loose	свободный, распущенный
Defense	защита
Argument	аргумент
To specify	определять
Supreme law	высший закон
Ultimate	окончательный
Spirit	дух
Liberty	свобода
Fundamental	основной
Religion	религия
To manage	управлять
Freedom	свобода
Search	исследование
Citizen	гражданин
Draft	проект
Declaration	декларация

II.cRead the text.

“The Constitution and the Bill of Rights”

The former colonies, now “The United States of America”, first operated under an agreement called the Articles of Confederation (1781). It was soon clear that this loose agreement among the states was not working well. The central, federal government was too weak, with too few powers for defense, trade, and taxation. In 1787, therefore, delegates from the states met in Philadelphia. They wanted to revise the Articles, but they did much more than that. They wrote a completely new document, the Constitution, which after much argument, debate and compromise was finished in the same year and officially adopted by the thirteen states by 1790.

The Constitution, the oldest still in the world, sets the basic form of government: three separate branches, each one having power (checks and branches) over the others. It specifies the powers and duties of each federal branch of government; with all other powers and duties belonging to the states. The Constitution has been repeatedly amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but it is still the “supreme law of the Land”. All government and governmental groups, federal states, a local, must operate within its guidelines. The ultimate power under the Constitution is not given to the President (the executive branch), or to the Supreme Court (the judicial branch). Nor does it rest, as in many other countries, with a political group or party. It belongs to “We the People”, in fact and spirit.

In this way, Americans first look for themselves the liberties and rights that elsewhere were the privileges of an elite few. Americans would manage their own laws. And, of course, they would make their own mistakes.

They stated in the first ten Constitutional Amendments, know together as the Bill of Rights, what they considered to be the fundamental rights of any American. Among these rights are the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right of peaceful assembly and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. Other rights guarded the citizens against unreasonable searches, arrests and seizures of property, and established a system of justice guaranteeing orderly legal procedures. This included the rights of trial by jury, that is, being judged by one’s fellow citizens.

The great pride Americans have in their Constitution, their almost religious respect for it comes from the knowledge that these ideals, freedoms, and rights were not given to them by a small ruling class. Rather, they are seen as the natural “unalienable” rights of every American, which had been fought for and won. They cannot be taken away by any government court, official or law.

The Federal and state governments formed under the Constitution, therefore, were designed to serve the people and to carry out their majority wishes (and not the other way around). One thing they did not want their government to do is to rule them. Americans expect their government to serve them and tend to think of politicians and governmental official as their servants. This remains very strong among Americans today.

Over the past two centuries, the Constitution has also had considerable influence outside the United States. Several other nations have based their own forms of government on it. It is interesting to note that Lafayette, a hero the American Revolution, drafted the French declaration of rights when he returned to France. And the United Nations Charter also has clear echoes of what once was considered a revolutionary document.

III. Answer the questions.

1) How does the American Constitution separate the powers of the government?

2) Has the text of the Constitution ever been changed? How did it become possible?

3) Does any governmental organ or official in the US have the ultimate power? Why?

4) What is the Bill of Rights?

5) What is the deference between the American Constitution and the Bill of Rights?

6) What is the deference between the constitutions of the UK and US?

IV. Find in the text the English equivalents.

1) вносить поправки в конституцию

2) пересмотреть документ

3) действовать в соответствии с соглашением

4) свобода совести

5) управлять своими собственными делами

6) принять конституцию

7) определить чьи-либо полномочия

8) действовать в рамках конституции

9) получить необоснованно большую власть

10) незаконный арест

11) свобода собраний

12) захват собственности

13) удовлетворять требованиям

V. Write down retelling of the text in Russian.

1) ………… the oldest still in the world, sets the basic form of government:

2) They wrote a completely new document ………… debate and compromise was finished in the same year and officially …………

3) ………… Americans first look for themselves the liberties and rights that elsewhere ……………

4) They cannot be taken …………. court, official or law.

5) Over the past two centuries ………….. had considerable influence outside …………

6) And the ………… also has clear echoes of what once …………. a revolutionary document.

Тема: “The American System of Government”

I.gVocabulary.

Country	округ
Expert	эксперт
Complexity	сложность
Unbelievable	непредпологаемый
Pattern	образец
Legislation	законодатель
Voter	избиратель
Level	высота
Necessity	необходимость
Choice	выборы
Proposal	предположение, законодательное предложение
Approval	одобрение
Treaty	договор (международный)

II.cRead the text.

“The American System of Government”

The governmental system in the United States – federal, state, country, and local – are quite easy to understand, that is, if you grew up with them and studied them in school. One foreign expert complained, for example, that the complexity of just cities’ political and governmental structure is “almost unbelievable”. The “real Chicago”, he explained, “spreads over 2 states, 6 countries, 10 town, 30 cities, 49 townships and 110 villages. Overlaid upon this complex pattern are 235 tax districts and more than 400 school districts …”

There are, however, several basic principles which are found at all levels of American government. One of these is the one person, one vote “principle which says that legislators are elected from geographical districts directly by the voters. Under this principle, all election districts must have about the same number of residents.

Another fundamental principle of American government is that because of the system of checks and balances, compromise in politics is a matter of necessity, not choice. For example, the House of Representatives controls spending and finance so the President must have its agreement for his proposal and programs. He cannot declare war, either, without the approval of Congress. In foreign affairs, he is also strongly limited. Any treaty must first be approved by the Senate. If there is no approval, there’s no treaty. The rule is “the President proposes, but Congress disposes”. What a President wants to do, therefore, is often a different thing from what a President is able to do.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What are the basic principles which are found at all levels of American government?

2) How do you understand the saying: “the President proposes, but Congress disposes”?

3) Who is the chief executive in each state?

4) What laws do the local police enforce?

IV. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

1) избиратель

2) избирательный округ

3) объявлять войну законодатель

4) законодатель

5) международный договор

6) одобрение Конгресса

7) внешняя политика

8) глава исполнительной власти

9) проводить в жизнь закон

10) поддерживать правопорядок

11) выслеживать преступников

12) быть строго ограниченным

V. Compete the following sentences as in the text:

1) There are, however, several basic principles which are found …………….

2) He cannot declare war, either, …………….

3) What a President wants to do, therefore, is often ……………..

4) Under this principle, all election districts must have about the same ……………

5) In foreign affairs …………..

Тема: “Congress”

I.gVocabulary.

Congress	конгресс
House of Representatives	палата представителей
Term	выражение
Congressional district	избирательный округ по выборам в палату представителей конгресса США
Instance	инстанция
Senator	сенатор штата
Legislation	законодательство
To agree	соглашаться
Necessary	необходимый
To regulate	регулировать
Commerce	торговля
Naturalization	натурализация

II.cRead the text.

“Congress”

Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 100 Senators, two from each state. One third of the Senators are elected every two years for six-year terms of office. The senators represent all of the people in a state and their interests. The House has 435 members “They are elected every two years for two-year state is divided. The number of Representatives from each state is based upon its population. For instance, California, the state with the largest population, has 45 Representatives, while Delaware has one. There is no limit to the number of terms a Senator or a Representative may serve.

Almost all elections in the United States follow the “winner-take-all” principle: the candidate who wins the largest number of largest number of votes in a Congressional district is the winner.

Congress makes all laws, and each house of Congress has the power to introduce legislation. Each also vote against legislation only becomes law it both houses agree, compromise between them is necessary. Congress decides upon taxes and law money is spent. In addition, it regulates commerce among the states and with foreign countries. It also sets rules for the naturalization of foreign citizens.

III. Complete the following text by translating the word or expressions in brackets.

The (законодательная ветвь) – (конгресс) – consists of the (Сенат) and the (Палата Представителей). Each (сенатор) is elected for six years and each (представитель) for two years, with no limitation on the number of (сроков). Each of the 50 states elected two (сенатор) under a system in which one third of the (Сенат) is elected every two years. A (сенатор) must be (старше) 30 years old and must have been an American citizen for (по меньшей мере) nine years.

Both (палата) of (Конгресс) must (одобрить) bills before law. The (Сенат) alone (утверждает) the President’s (кандидаты) for high-level official positions and (ратифицирует) treaties with other nations.

IV. Sum up what the text says about:

-the House of Representatives

-the Senate

-the Congress

V. Make 5 questions to the text.

Тема: “President and Federal Departments”

I.gVocabulary.

Majority	большинство
Uncommon	необщественный
To remain	оставаться
Result	результат
To hurt	повредить
Ability	способность, умение
Domestic	домашний
To support	поддерживать
To convince	убеждать
View	точка зрения
Bargain	сделка, соглашение
Treasure	казна
Defense	защита
Justice	справедливость
Interior	внутренний
Urban Development	городское развитие

II.cRead the text.

“President and Federal Departments”

The President of the United States is elected every four years to a four-yeaк term of office, with no more than two full term allowed. As is true with Senators and Representatives, the President is elected directly by the voters (though state electors). In other words, the political party with the most Senators and Representatives does not choose the President. This means that the President can be from one party and the majority of those in the House of Representatives or Senate (or both) from another. This is not uncommon.

Thus, although one of the parties may win a majority in the midterm elections (those held two years), the President remains President, even though his party may not have a majority in either house. Such a result could easily hurt his ability to get legislation through Congress, which must pass all laws, but this not necessarily so. In any case, the President’s policies must be approved by the House of Representatives and the Senate before they can become law. In domestic as well as in foreign policy, the President can seldom count upon the automatic support of Congress, even when his own party has a majority in both the Senate and the House. Therefore, he must be able to convince Congressman, the Representatives and Senators, of his points of view. He must bargain and compromise. This is a major difference between the American system and those in which the nation’s leader represents the majority party or parties that is parliamentary systems. Within the Executive Branch, there are a number of executive departments. Currently these are the departments of State, Treasure, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labour, Health, and Human Resources, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy and Education. Each department is established by the law and as their names indicate, each is responsible for a specific area. The head of each department is appointed by the President. These appointments however must be approved by the Senate. None of these Secretaries, as the department heads are usually called, can also be serving in Congress or in another part of the President and only serves as long as the President wants him or her to. They can best be seen, therefore, as Presidential assistants and advisers. When they meet together, they are termed “the President’s Cabinet”. Some Presidents have relied quite a bit on their Cabinets for advice and some very little.

III. Answer the questions

1) How many terms may a Senator or a Representative serve?

2) Which house of Congress has the power to introduce laws?

3) Name at least three functions of Congress.

4) Does the President always belong to the party which has the majority in Congress?

5) What is the major difference of the American system of government from parliamentary ones?

6) Name at least three functions of the President?

7) Who succeeds the President if he dies or resigns?

8) Under what circumstances can the President be removed from office before his term expires?

9) Who does the President’s Cabinet consists of?

IV. Explain the meanings of the following words and expressions from the text. Make sentences with each of them.

-midterm elections;

-term of offices;

-Senator;

- Representative;

-Congressman;

- parliamentary system of government;

-executive departments;

-Secretary of an executive department;

-the President’s Cabinet.

V. Translate from Russian into English the following expressions.

1) пребывание у власти

2) переизбран

3) подоходный налог

4) вето

5) послы

6) чиновники

7) уходит в отставку

8) смещен с должности

9) судим и оправдан

10) высокопоставленные государственные чиновники

11) судебный процесс

12) одобрен

Тема: “ Federal Departments”

I.gVocabulary.

To handle	рассматривать
Advise	извещение, уведомление
Visa	виза
Finances	финансы
To project	защищать
Dignitary	сановник
Security	безопасность
Violator	нарушитель
Prison	тюрьма
Jurisdiction	юрисдикция, правосудие
To manage	управлять
To enforce	принуждать
Welfare	благотворительность
Tribe	род
Issue	выдача
To lend	предоставлять заем
Rural	сельский
Nonfarm	нехозяйственный
Conciliation	примирение
Agency	орган (учреждение, организация)
Renewal	возобновление

II.cRead the text.

“Federal Departments”

1. The Department of States headed by the Secretary of State, advises the President on foreign relations. This department handles all peaceful dealings with other countries and issues passports to American citizens who wish to travel abroad and visas to visitors to the United States.

2. The Treasure Department manages government finance collect taxes, mints coins and prints paper money. The Secret Service, which protects the President and the Vice President, their families and some other dignitaries is also part of the Treasure Department. So are the Bureau of Customs and the Internal Revenue Service.

3. The Department of Defense is responsible for the nation’s security. The Secretary of Defense is assisted by the Secretaries of the Army, Navy and Air Force.

4. The Department of Justice, headed by the Attorney General, acts for the government in legal matters and moves against violators of federal laws. The FBI and federal prisons are under jurisdiction.

5. The Department of the Interior protects and develops the nation’s natural resources federal hunting and fishing laws, checks on the safety of mines and responsible for the welfare of the Indian tribes.

6. The Department of the Agriculture aids food production and looks after the interests of farmers. It issues numerous reports on the supply and prices of farm products, conducts, scientific studies of agriculture and lends money to build rural electric systems. Most farms today are served by electricity.

7. The Department of Labour is concerned with the working conditions, safety and welfare of the nation’s nonfarm workers. It enforces, among others, the laws on minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The department’s mediation and conciliation service helps employers and workers to settle labour disputes.

8. The Department of Commerce helps develop domestic commerce as well as trade with other countries, particularly in the mining, manufacturing and transportation industries. One of its important branches issues patent for new inventions; other test products to be sure they meet high standards and report on weather conditions.

9. In 1979 the Department of Health, Education and Welfare was reorganized into two separate agencies: the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Education. HHS administers many of the nation’s social services programmes on a federal level. The Department of Education administers and co-ordinates more than 150 federal aid-to-education programmes.

10. The Cabinet – level Department of Housing and Urban Development was created in 1965 to help provide adequate and to foster large-scale urban renewal programmes.

11. In 1966 President Lyndon Johnson proposed, and Congress approved, the establishment of Department of Transportation to co-ordinates transportation activities previously carried on by several government agencies.

12. The Department of Energy, created in 1977 to address the nation’s growing energy functions consolidated the major federal energy functions into single Cabinet – level department. It is responsible for research, development and demonstration of energy; energy conservation ; pricing and allocation to the executive departments, there are numerous independent agencies charged with special functions, Largest of these is the Postal Service, directed by an 11-number board of governors, which was created in 1979 to replace the Post Office Department. It operates post offices, is responsible for handling and delivery of mail and issues stamps.

Other independent regulatory agencies set rules and standarts in such fields as rail and air transportation, domestic trade practices, broadcasting licenses and telephone and telegraph rates, investment trading, some banking practices, and equal employment opportunities.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What are the functions of the Department of State?

2) What are the functions of the Treasury Department?

3) What are the functions of the Department of Defense?

4) What are the functions of the Department of Agriculture?

5) What are the functions of the Department of Energy?

IV. Fill the missing words and translate the sentences.

1) The Department of the Interior ……… natural resource and manages the national parks.

2) The Department of ……… helps develop domestic commerce as well as trade with other countries ……….. manufacturing and transportation industries

3) So are the …………. and the Internal Revenue Service.

4) Most farms today are …………..

5) It operates post offices ………… for handling and delivery of mail and issues stamps.

V. Find in the text sentences with the Infinitive and translate them.

Тема: “Political Parties”

I.gVocabulary.

Democrats	демократы
Republicans	республиканцы
Observe	соблюдать
Minor	несовершеннолетний
Declare	заявлять
Labour	труд, работа
Involvement	вовлеченность
Favour	пристрастие
To distinguish	различать
Register	журнал записей

II.cRead the text.

“Political Parties”

The Constitutions says nothing about political parties, but over time the US has in fact developed a two-party system. The two leading parties are the Democrats and the Republicans. There are other parties besides these two, and foreign observes are often surprised to learn that among these are also a Communist party and several Socialist parties. Minor parties have occasionally won offices at lower levels of government, but they do not play a role in national politics. In fact, one does not need to be a member of a political party t run in any election at any level of government. Also people can simply declare themselves to be member of one of the two major parties when they register to vote in a district.

Sometimes, the Democrats are thought of associated with labour and the Republicans with business and industry. Republicans also tend to oppose the greater involvement of the responsibility of the states and communities. Democrats, on the hand, tend to favour a more active role of the central government in social matters.

To distinguish between the parties is often difficult, however. Furthermore, the traditional European terms of “right” and “left” or “conservative” and ” liberal” do not quite fit the American system. Someone from the “conservative right”, for instance, would be against a strong central government. Or a Democrat from one part of the country could be very ” liberal” and one from another part, quite “conservative”. Even if they have been elected as Democrats of Republicans, Representatives or Senators are not bound to a party programme, nor are they subject to any discipline when they disagree with their party.

While some voters will vote a “straight ticket”, in other word, for all of the Republican of Democratic candidates in an election, many do not. They vote for one party’s candidate for one office, and another’s for another. As a result the political parties do in other nations actual power than they do in other nations.

In the US, parties cannot with seats which they are than free to fill with party members they have chosen. Rather, both Representatives and Senators are elected to serve the interests of the people and the areas they represent, that is, their “constituencies”. In about 70 per cent of legislative decisions, Congressmen will vote with the specific wishes of their constituencies in mind, even if this goes against what their own parties might want as national policy. It is quite common, in fact, to find Democrats in Congress voting for Republican Presidents legislation, quite a few Republicans voting against it and so on.

III. Ask 5 questions to the text.

IV. Write down retelling of the text.

Тема: “Elections”

I.gVocabulary.

Determine	устанавливать
Registration	регистрация
Electoral	избирательный
Register	Журнал записей
Minority	меньшинство
Permanent registration	Постоянная регистрация
Ballot	Избирательный бюллетень
Percentage	процент
Campaign	кампания
Primaries	Праймериз (выборы кандидатов для баллотировки на всеобщих выборах)
Caucus	Кокус (совещание членов легислатуры принадлежащих к одной партии)
Session	Заседание, сессия

II.cRead the text.

“Elections”

Anyone who is an American citizen, at least 18 years of age, and is registered to vote may vote. Each state has the right to determine registration procedures. A number of civic group, such as the League of Women Voters, are actively trying to get more people involved in the electrical process and have drives to register as many people as possible. Voter registration and voting among minorities has dramatically increased during the last twenty years, especially as a result of the Civil Rights Movement.

There is some concern, however, about the number of citizens who could vote in national elections but do not. In the national election of 1984, for instance, only 53,3 per cent of all those who have voted actually did. But then, Americans who want to vote must register, that is put down their names in register before the actual elections take place. There are 50 different registration laws in the US – one set for each state. In South, voters often have to register not only locally but also at the country seat.

In the European countries, on the other hand, “permanent registration” of voters is most common of those voters in the United States who did register in the 1984 presidential elections, 73 per cant east their ballots.

Another important factor is that there are many more elections in the US at the state and local levels than there are in most countries. If the number of those who vote in these elections (deciding, for example, if they should pay more taxes so a new main street bridge can be build) were included, the percentage in fact would not be that much different from other countries. Certainly, Americans are much more interested in local politics than in those at the federal level. Many of the most important decisions, such as those concerning education, housing taxes and so on are made close to home, in the state or country.

The national presidential elections really consist of two separate campaigns: one is for the nomination of candidates at national party conventions. The other is to win the actual election. The nominating race is a competition between members of the same party. They run in a succession of state primaries and caucuses (which take place between March and June). They hope to gain a majority of delegate votes for their national party conventions (in July or August). The party convention then votes to select the party’s official candidate for the presidency. Then follow several months of presidential campaigns by the candidates.

In November of the election year (years divisible by four 1988,1992, 1996 etc), the voters across the nation go to the polls, if the majority of the popular votes in a states in a state go to the Presidential (and vice- presidential) candidate of one party, than that person is supposed to get all of that state’s “electoral votes”. These electoral votes are equal to the number of Senators and Representatives each state ahs a Congress. The candidate with the largest number of these electoral votes wins the election. Each state’s electoral votes are formally reported by the “Electoral College”. In January of the following year, in a joint session of Congress, the new President and Vice-President are officially announced.

III. Answer the questions.

1) Which American citizen may vote?

2) Why do you think many people who could vote in the national election don’t do it?

3) Why are most Americans more interested in local politics than in those at the federal level?

4) What parts does the national presidential election consist of?

5) Describe the process of electing the President.

IV. Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below.

1) зарегистрироваться для голосования;

2) президентские выборы;

3) избиратели;

4) избирательный бюллетень;

5) избирательная компания;

6) кандидат в президенты;

7) коллегия выборщиков;

8) утверждение кандидата;

9) первичные выборы в партийных организациях;

10) первичные выборы на партийных форумах

11) партийный съезд;

12) избирательный участок.

V. Write down the retelling of the text.

Раздел V. “Crime and Punishment”

Тема: “Crime”

I.gVocabulary.

Crime	преступление
Magistrates’ courts	мировые судьи
Guilty	вердикт о виновности
Impose	налагать
Prison	тюрьма
Punishment	наказание
Severe	строгий (о наказании)
Imprisonment	тюремное заключение
Penalty	взыскание, штраф
Average	средний
Serious	серьезный
Wage	заработная плата
Vary	изменяться

II.cRead the text.

“Crime in Britain”

About 90 per cent of all crimes are dealt with by Magistrates’ courts. Sentences (that is the punishments decided by the court) vary a lot but most people who are found guilty have to pay a fine. Magistrates’ courts can impose fines of up to J 2.000 or prison sentences of up to six months. If the punishment is to be more severe the case must go to a Crown Court. The most severe punishment is life imprisonment: there has been no death penalty in Britain since 1965.

The level of recorder crime and the number of people sent to prison both increased during the 1970s and 1980s. By the end of period the average prison population was more than 50.00 and new prison had to be built as overcrowding had become a serious problem. By 1988 the cost of keeping someone in prison was over £ 250 per week, which was more than the national average wage.

III. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following expressions.

1) уровень преступности;

2) средний заработок;

3) жестокое наказание;

4) пожизненное заключение;

5) смертная казнь;

IV. Explain the meaning of these words.

1) drug smuggling;

2) hijacking;

3) pickpocketing;

4) kidnapping;

5) fraud;

6) arson;

7) theft;

V. Fill in the sentences.

1) The most severe punishment is life imprisonment: there has been …………

2) ……… of people sent to prison both increased during the 1970s and 1980s.

3) ……… someone in prison was over £ 250 per week, which was more than the national average wage.

Тема: “Murder”

I.gVocabulary.

Abolition	отмена, упразднение
Human	человеческий
Departure	отступление, отдых (от прежней аргументации и т.д.)
Feudalism	феодализм
Spirit	дух
Revenge	месть
Bandit	бандит
Blood	кровь
Opinion	мнение
Deterrent	удерживающее, сдерживающее (устрашением) средство
Execution	исполнение
Assassin	убийца (по полит. мотивам или найму)
Lesser	меньший
Evil	злой
Controversial	спорный, дискуссионный
Eliminate	изымать

II.cRead the text.

“Murder”

The abolition of capital punishment in England in November 1965 was welcomed by most people with humane and progressive idea. To them it seemed a departure from feudalism, from the cruel per-Christian spirit of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

Many of these people think differently now. Three unarmed policemen have been killed in London by bandits who shot them down in cold blood. This crime has drawn attention to the fact that since the abolition of capital punishment crime- and especially murder- has been on increase throughout Britain. Today, therefore, public opinion in Britain has changed. People who before, also in Parliament, stated that capital punishment was not a deterrent to murder- for there have always been murders in all countries with or without the law of execution-now feel that killing the assassin in the lesser of two evils. Capital punishment, they think, may not be the ideal answer, but it is better than nothing, especially when as in England, a sentence of lifelong imprisonment (a life sentence, as it is called) only lasts eight or nine years.

All this is very controversial. And all the arguments for and against can be refuted in practice. The problem remains- the problem of how to prevent murders. Some murders are committed by criminals evading arrest, by insane or mentally disturbed people, by cold-blooded sadists completely devoid of all human feelings. The important thing in the prevention of murder is to eliminate as far as possible the weapons and instruments, the guns and furthermore to stop the dangerous influence of violence in books, films, television and other mass media, from which so many criminals derive their “inspiration”.

III. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following expressions.

1) признаны виновными

2) содержание кого-либо в тюрьме

3) преступления рассматриваются в магистратских судах

4) накладывать штраф

5) приговор

IV. Make 5 questions to the text.

Тема: “A Policeman and the Criminal World”

I.gVocabulary.

Police force	полицейское подразделение
Figure	цифра
Distinctive	отличительный
Instead	взамен, вместо
Although	хотя
To separate	отделяться
Authority	власть, полномочия
Councilor	советник, член совета
Firearms	огнестрельное оружие
Except	изымать
Guard	охрана
Patrol	патруль
Qualification	оговорка, ограничение
To undergo	подвергаться
Rank	звание, член
Warden	тюремный надзиратель
Traffic	движение

II.cRead and translate the text.

The British police officer-sometimes called the “bobby” after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force-is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Policemen are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law order, either walking in the streets (“pounding the beat”) or driving in cars (known as “panda cars” because of their distinctive markings, Few people realize, however, that the police in Britain are organized very differently from many other countries.

Most countries, for example, have a national police force which is controlled by central Government. Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by the central Government’s Home Office. Instead, there is a separate police force for each of 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a police authority- a committee of local country councilors and magistrates.

The force co-operate with each other, but it is unusual for members of one force to operate in another’s area unless they are asked to give assistance This sometimes happens when there has been a very serious crime. A chief Constable (the most senior police officer of a force) may sometimes ask for the assistance of London’s police force, based a new Scotland Yard-known simply as “the Yard”. In most countries the police carry guns. The British police generally do not carry firearms, except in Northern Ireland. Only a few police are regularly armed – for instance, those who guard politicians and diplomats or who patrol airports. In certain circumstances specially trained police officers can be armed, but only with the signed permission of a magistrate.

All members of the police must have gained a certain level of academic qualifications at school and undergone a period of intensive training. Like the army, there are a number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10 per cent of the police force. The police are helped by a number of Special Constables-members of the public who work for the police voluntary for a few hours a week.

Each police force has its own Criminal Investigation Department (CID). Members of CIDs are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms (the other uniformed people you see in British towns are traffic wardens. Their job is to make sure that drivers obey the parking regulations. They have no other powers – it is the police who are responsible for controlling, offences like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving).

The duties of the police are varied, ranging from assisting at accidents to safeguarding public order and dealing with lost property. One of their main functions is, of course, apprehending criminals and would-be criminals.

III. Answer the questions.

1) Who was the founder of the British police?

2) Is there one police, organized by central Government?

3) In what situations can the policemen carry arms?

4) What are the ranks of the policeman?

5) What are the duties of traffic wardens?

6) What is Scotland Yard and does it do?

IV. Write down the retelling of the text.

V. Make 5 questions to the text.

Раздел VI. “You – the Jury?”

Тема: “A Handbook on Jury Service”

I.gVocabulary.

Jury	присяжные
Guarantee	поручительство
Freedom	свобода
Juror	присяжный заседатель
Evidence	основание, улика
Trial	судебное разбирательство
Judge	судья
Whether	ли
Lawyer	юрист, адвокат
Witness	понятой
Courtroom	зал судебного заседания
Ability	правоспособность
Hone	точить
Sympathy	сочувствие
Prejudice	вред
Vital	Жизненный

II.cRead the text.

“Jury Service – An Important Job and Rewarding Experience”

The right to trial by a jury of our fellow citizens is one of our most important rights and is guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. By serving on a Jury, then, you are helping to guarantee one of our most important freedoms.

Your job as a juror is to listen t all the evidence presented at trial and to “decide the facts” – that is, to decide what really happened. The judge, on the other hand, decides the law” – that is, makes decisions on legal issues that come up during the trial. For example, the judge may have to decide whether you and the other jurors may hear certain evidence or whether one lawyer may ask a witness a certain question. You should not try to decide these legal issues, sometimes you will even be asked to leave the courtroom while they are being decided. Both your job and that of the judge must be done well if our system of trial by jury is to work. In order to do your job you do not need any special knowledge or ability. It is enough that you keep an open mind, concentrate on the evidence being presented, use your common sense and be fair and honest. Finally, you should not be influenced, by sympathy or prejudice: it is vital that you be impartial with regard to all people and all ideas.

Many jurors find that it is exciting to learn about “this most important system” from the inside and challenging to deal fairly and thoroughly with the cases they hear. We hope that you, too, find your experience as a juror to be interesting and satisfying.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What is the job of a juror?

2) What is the job of a judge?

3) What qualities should a good juror have?

4) What requirements should one meet to be legible for jury service?

5) What are the reasons for a person to be excused from jury service?

IV. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and translate the definitions into Russian.

CASE – any proceeding, actions, cause, lawsuit or controversy initiated through the court system by filing a complaint, petition or information.

WITNESS – person who testifies under oath in court regarding what was seen, heard or otherwise observed.

TRIAL – the presentation of evidence in curt to a tried of facts who applies the applicable law to those facts and then decides the case.

EVIDENCE – a form of proof legally presented at a trial through witnesses, records, documents, etc.

Тема: “Kind of Cases”

I.gVocabulary.

Civil cases	гражданские дела
Agency	орган, учреждение
Corporation	юридическое лицо
Damage	ущерб
Tenant	владелец (прием. недвижимости)
Landlord	землевладелец
Failure	неисполнение
Leaky	имеющий течь
Roof	крыша
Plaintiff	истец
Defendant	ответчик
Complaint	жалоба
Counterclaim	встречное требование
Burden of proof	бремя доказательства
Preponderance of evidence	наличие более веских доказательств
Beyond reasonable doubt	при отсутствииразумных оснований
Answer	ответ
Presumption	презумпция

II.cRead the text.

“Kind of Cases”

As a juror, you may sit on a criminal case, a civil case, or both.

CIVIL CASES. Civil cases are usually disputes between or among private citizens, corporations, government, government agencies, and other organizations. Most often, the party bringing the suit is asking for money damages for some wrong that has been done. For example, a tenant may sue a landlord for failure to fix a leaky roof, or landlord may sue a tenant for failure to pay rent.

People who have been injured may sue a person or a company they feel is responsible for the injury.

The party bringing the suit is called the Plaintiff; the party being sued is called the Defendant. There may be many plaintiff or many defendants in the same case. The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a complaint, in which the case against the defendant is stated. The next paper filed is usually the answer, in which the defendant disputes what the plaintiff has said in the complaint. The defendant may also feel that there has been a wrong committee by the plaintiff, in which case a counterclaim will be filed along with the answer. It is up to the plaintiff to prove the case against the defendant. In each civil case the plaintiff must prove the case. This is called, the plaintiff’s burden that the plaintiff must meet in order to win. In most civil cases the plaintiff’s burden is to prove the case by a Preponderance of Evidence, that is, that the plaintiff’s version of what happened in the case is more probably true than true.

Jury verdicts do not need not to be unanimous in civil cases. Only ten jurors need to agree upon a verdict if there are 12 jurors five must agree if there are 6 jurors.

CRIMINAL CASES. A criminal case is brought by the state or by a city or country against a person accused of having committed a crime. The state, city, or country is called the Plaintiff; the accused person is called the Defendant. The charge against the defendant is called an Information or complaint. The defendant has pleaded no guilty and you should presume the defendant’s innocence throughout the entire trial unless the plaintiff proves the defendant guilty.

The plaintiff’s burden of proof is greater in a criminal case than in a civil case. In each criminal case you hear the judge will tell you the elements of the crime that the plaintiff must prove; the plaintiff must prove each of these elements.

BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT before the defendant can be found guilty. In criminal cases the verdict must be unanimous that is, all jurors must agree that the defendant is guilty to overcome the presumption of innocence.

III. Answer the questions.

1) What is a civil case?

2) Who is a PLAINTIFF?

3) Who is a DEFENDANT?

4) What is a COMPLAINT?

5) What is an ANSWER?

6) What is a BURDEN OF PROOF?

7) What is a CRIMINAL CASE?

8) What is a PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE?

9) How many jurors are necessary to agree upon the verdict in a criminal case?

10) Who is the plaintiff in a criminal case?

IV. Give English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

1) подать иск

2) начать (возбудить) дело

3) арендатор

4) показания

5) предупреждение

6) судебное разбирательство

7) истец

8) совершить преступление

9) признать виновным

10) заслушать показания

11) исключить из состава присяжных

12) восстановить в гражданских правах

13) люди, замешанные в деле

14) частные лица

15) материальный ущерб

16)домовладелец

17)ответчик

18) подать иск

19) ответный иск

20) обвинен в преступление

21) заявить о невиновности

22) единодушное решение присяжных

23) вопросы права

24)урегулирование дела

25) принять присягу

IV. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and translate the definitions into Russian.

DEFENDANT – (crim.) person charged with the crime

(civ.) person or entity against whom a civil action is brought.

ACTIONS – proceeding taken in court synonymous to case, suit, lawsuit.

PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE – means that the weight of evidence presented by one side is more convincing to the trier of facts than the evidence presented by the opposing side.

PLANTIFF – the party who begins an action, complains or sues.

COUNTERCLAIM – claim presented by a defendant in opposition to the claim of the plaintiff.

COMPLAINT – (crim.) formal written charge that a person has committed a criminal offence

(civ.) initial document filed by a plaintiff which starts the claim against the defendant.

Тема: “Justice?”

I.gVocabulary.

Print	след
Paragraph	пункт
Outrage	грубое нарушение закона
Judge	судья
To complicate	осложнять
Casual	временный рабочий
Penalty	штраф
To vary	изменяться
Referee	третейский судья
Team	группа
Manslaughter	простое убийство
Trial	судебное разбирательство
Bullet	пуля
Suicide	самоубийство
Pistol	пистолет
Murder	тяжкое убийство
Homicide	убийство
Assault	нападение
Fraud	мошенничество
Rigid	суровый
Probation	доказательство
Sober	трезвый
Ambulance	карета скорой помощи

II.cRead the text and discuss it in group.

“The Punishment Should Fit the Crime”

National and local newspaper regularly print accounts of legal cases, and quite often the stories they chose are ones in which the punishment does not appear to fit the crime. It is easy to read a paragraph about a criminal case and to become outraged at the sentence passed by a judge. We have to remember that the short paragraph sums up a complicated legal case which might have taken hours, days or even weeks of court time, and that the judge knew a lot more about the case than the casual newspaper reader. However, sentences and penalties vary wildly from one court to another. As every football fan knows, referees make mistakes and the referee is much more likely to be mistaken when his decision goes against one’s own team.

III. Translate the texts.

“Manslaughter”

In 1981 Marianne Bachmer, from Lubeck, West Germany, was in court watching the trial of Klaus Grabowski, who had murdered her 7 year-old daughter. Grabowski had a history of attacking children. During the trial, Frau Bachmer pulled a Beretta 22 pistols from handbag and fired eight bullets, six of which hit Grabowski, killing him. The defense said she had bought the pistol and pulled the trigger. She was found not guilty of murder, but was given six years imprisonment for manslaughter. West German newspaper reflect the opinion of millions of Germans that she should have been freed, calling her “the avenging mother”

“Homicide”

Bernard Lewis, a Thirty-six-old man, while preparing dinner became involved in an argument with his drunken wife, In a fit of a rage Lewis, using the kitchen knife with which he had been preparing the meal, stabbed and killed his wife. He immediately called for assistance and readily confessed when the first patrolman appeared on the scene with the ambulance attendant. He pleaded guilty to manslaughter. The probation department’s investigation indicated that Lewis was a rigid Individual who never drank, worked regularly and had no previous criminal record. His thirty-year-old deceased wife, and mother of three children, was a “fine girl” when sober but was frequently drunk and on a number of occasions when intoxicated had left their small children unattended. After due consideration of the backgroup of the offence and especially of the plight of the three motherless youngsters the judge placed Lewis on probation so that he could wok, support and take care children. On probation Lewis adjusted well, worked regularly, appeared to be devoted to the children, and a few years later was discharged as “improved” from probation.

IV. Discuss each ease case applying the questions below.

1) Was justice done?

2) If you had been the judge, would you have given a different sentence?

3) How would you have left if you had been the victim of the crime?

4) How would you have left if you had been the defendant?

5) Would you have chosen a lighter sentence, or a more severe one?

6) If you had been the judge, what other facts and circumstances would you have wanted to know?

Используемая литература

Основная:

1) А.Я. Зеликман «Английский для юристов» Ростов-на-Дону «Феликс» 2002г.

2) Ю.Л. Гумановаб В.А. Королева, М.Л. Свешникова, Е.В. Тихомирова «Just English» английский для юристов «Ассоциация «Гуманитарное знание»

3) Англо-русский юридический словарь С.Н. Андрианов, А.С. Берсон, Ф.С. Никифоров «Руссо» Москва 2000г.

Дополнительная:

1) Н.А. Бонк, Г.А. Котий, Н.А. Лукьянова Учебник английского языка 1,2 «Деконт+» - «ГИС» Москва 1999г.

2) Modern-English-Russian dictionary Москва 1998г.

3) В.Л. Скалкин «Английский язык в ситуациях общения» Москва 1998г.

Приложение 1

Словарь

Abater	прошение о прекращении иска, процесса, дела
Abrochment	грабёж
Abduct	похищать, увозить другое лицо
Abduction	похищение другого лица
Abolishment	отмена, аннулирование
Absent	отсутствовать
Abuse	злоупотребление, злоупотреблять
Abuser	лицо, злоупотребляющее алкоголем или наркотиками
Accedence	вступление в права (в должность, во владение)
Acceptance of bride	получение взятки
Accident	несчастный случай
Account	счёт
Accountant	бухгалтер
Accusal	обвинение
Act	действие
Act of Congress	закон Конгресса
Act of Parliament	акт Парламента
Activity	деятельность, мероприятия
Addiction	склонность, пагубная привычка
Administrator	управляющий делами
Adoption	усыновление, удочерение
Advantage	выгода, польза
Advise	извещать, уведомлять
Advocate	адвокат
Agency	орган (учреждение, организация)
Agree	соглашаться
Agreement	согласие
Alderman	олдермен, налистник
Alien	иностранец
Allowance	разрешение
Amendment	исправление, внесение поправки
Amount	количество, сумма
Anient	аннулировать, отменять
Answer	ответ
Appeal	апелляция
Appointment	назначение, определение
Appropriation-in-aid	дотация, субсидия
Arbitrariness	произвол, самоуправство
Arrestment	арест, наложение ареста
Assailing	нападение
Assize	суд присяжных
Association	ассоциация, общество, союз
Attempt	покушение (на преступление)
Attenuate	смягчать вину
Attestor	свидетель
Bachelor of Law	бакалавр прав, юрид. наук
Bail	поручительство
Bailiff	бейлиф, судебный пристав
Ballot	избирательный бюллетень
Bandit	бандит, разбойник
Bank	банк
Banker	банкир
Barrister	барристер (адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах)
Bastard	незаконнорождённый, внебрачный ребёнок
Believe	предполагать
Common bench	суд общих тяжб (в Англии до 1873 г.)
Bilker	жулик, мошенник
Bill	закон, законопроект
Bishop	епископ
Blood	кровь
Bloodshed	убийство
Border	граница, граничить
Borrow	занимать (деньги, вещи)
Broadmoor	бродмур (учреждение для лиц, признанных виновными, но невменяемыми)
Bypass	обходить (закон и т.д.)
Charge with (prosecute, Indict)	обвинять
Choice	выбор
Citation	повестка о вызове в суд
Citizen	гражданин
Civil cases	гражданские дела
Civil count	гражданский суд
Civil matter	гражданское дело
Commit	совершать
Complaint	жалоба
Congress	конгресс
Constitution	Конституция
Conspiracy	преступный сговор
Controversial	спорный
Convicted person	осуждённый
Counsel	адвокат
Counterclaim	встречное предложение
Corporation	юридическое лицо
Courtroom	зал судебного заседания
Corpus deficit	состав преступления
Counterfeiting	подделка
Court	суд
Criminal law	уголовное право
Criminal charge	обвинение в преступлении
Crime	преступление
Criminal procedure	уголовный процесс
Credit card	кредитная карточка
Damage	ущерб
Debtor	должник
Deceit	обман
Default	неявка в суд
Defendant	ответчик
Defender	защитник
Deprivation of life	лишение жизни
Dispute	спор
Drug abuse	злоупотребление наркотиками
Due	срок
Duty	гражданские обязанности
Embezzlement	присвоение (денег, имущества)
Enact a law	принимать закон
Evil	злой
Evidence	улика, основание, доказательство
Execution	исполнение
Executive	исполнительная власть
Expenses	расходы
Fee	плата, гонорар
Felony	уголовное преступление
File a suit	подать иск
Filing of complaint	подача иска
Fine	штраф
Firearms	огнестрельное оружие
Fraud	мошенничество
Freedom	свобода
Guard	охрана
Guardian	опекун
Guarantee	поручительство
Government	правительство
Guilty	виновный
Handle	рассматривать, вручать
Hijacking	нападение, ограбление
Homicide	убийство
Identity	подлинность
Indictment	обвинительное заключение
Impose	накачать
Imprisonment	тюремное заключение
Innocent	невинный человек
Intoxication	опьянение
Investigate	расследовать
Jail (prison) sentence	тюремное заключение
Judge	судья
Jurisdiction	юрисдикция, правосудие
Juror	присяжный заседатель
Jury	присяжные
Juvenile	судья по делам несовершеннолетних
Kidnapping	похищение людей
Law	закон
Law suit	судебный процесс, иск
Lawyer	юрист
Larceny	кража
Legal	юридический
Legally bound	юридически обязанный
Legal remedy	судебная защита
Legal action	судебный процесс
Legislation	законодательство
Legislative authority	законодательная власть
Libel	клевета (в печати)
Lien	право удержания, наложения ареста
Life insurance policy	полис страхования жизни
Loan	заем суда
Magistrates courts	мировые судьи
Manage	управлять
Manslaughter	простое убийство
Matter	дело
Minor	несовершеннолетний
Mortgage note	ипотечное обязательство
Murderer	убийца
Necessary	необходимый
Offense	проступок, нарушение, преступление
Opposing attorney	прокурор
Order	приказ, распоряжение
Outrage	грубое нарушение закона
Ownership	право собственности
Pardon	амнистия
Penalty	штраф, наказание
Perjury	лжесвидетельство
Pick pocketing	карманная кража
Plaintiff	истец
Plead guilty	признать себя виновным
Preponderance of evidence	наличие всяких доказательств
Presumption	презумпция
Prison	тюрьма
Police	полицейское подразделение
Probation	доказательство
Prejudice	вред
Promise	обещание, обязательство
Pronounce a judgment	выносить решение
Proposal	предположение
Prosecutor	обвинитель
Protect	защищать
Prosecute	поддерживать обвинение
Punishment	кара, наказание
Punish	наказывать
Quit	увольняться с работы
Rape	изнасилование
Receipt of money	получение денег
Referee	третейский судья
Regulate	регулировать
Responsibility	ответственность
Retry	снова разбирать (судебное дело)
Revenge	месть
Reverse judgment	отменить решение
Reward	вознаграждение
Robbery	грабёж
Salary	жалование
Satisfy a judgment	выполнять решение суда
Seize	конфисковать
Sentence	выносить приговор
Serve	отбывать срок (наказание)
Shoplifting	кража из магазина
Signature	подпись
Slander	клевета, злословие
Sober	трезвый
Successor	преемник
Suicide	самоубийство
Summons	судебная повестка
Supreme law	высший закон
Testify	давать показания
The Supreme court	Верховный суд
Thief	вор
Traffic offenses	дорожные правонарушения
Transfer of title	передача права собственности
Treaty	договор
Trial	судебное разбирательство
Validity	убыток
Verdict	вердикт
Violate a law	нарушать закон
Violation of the rights	нарушение прав
Vote	голос
Voter	избиратель
Warden	тюремный надзиратель
Witness	понятой
Wrongful	незаконный

Приложение 2 Тесты

1. Every country …, therefore, … laws which will help its people … safely and as comfortably as possible:

1)try, provide, live 2) tries, to provide, to live 3) tried, provided, lived 4) try, provides, lives 5) try, to provide, live 6) tries, provide, to live

1. New legislation in Britain usually … in the House of Lord

1) starts 2) started 3)start 4)starting 5) have started

1. Finally, the bill … to the reigning monarch for the royal assent:

1) go 2)went 3)gone 4)goes 5)going

1. Public anger … so great that she …, the constable who … her without a warrant … himself … to prison, and the justice of the peace … severely…:

1) be, be acquit, have arrest, be send, be reprimand

2) was, was acquitted, had arrested, was sent, was reprimanded

3) be, was acquitted, have arrested, was send, was reprimanded

4)was, be acquitted, has arrested, was sent, be reprimanded

5)were, were acquitted, had arrest, were sent, were reprimanded

1. One of the most terrible punishments … hanging, drawing, and quartering:

1) were 2) be 3) been 4) have been 5) was

1. The British government … for up to five years, unless it … in Parliament on a major issue:

1)is elected, is defeated 2)was elected, was defeated 3)will be elected, will defeated

4)shall be elected, shall be defeated 5) has elected, have defeated

1. The national presidential elections really … of two separate campaign

1) consisted 2)consists 3) will be consist 4)consist 5)consisting

1. He … very loudly now:

1) is speaking 2) was speaking 3) speaks 4) speak 5) speaked

1. Putin … since 2001 year:

1) ruling 2) has ruled 3)has been ruling 4)rule 5) ruling

1. The Supreme Court … direct jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases those involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state … a party:

1) have, is 2)has, was 3) is, have 4) has, is 5) is, has

1. In 1979 the Department of Health, Education and Welfare … into two agencie

1) was reorganized 2) is reorganized 3) was reorganize 4) is reorganize 5) will be reorganize

1. He … a president in 2025 year:

1)is 2) was 3) will be 4) will 5) shall

1. She … a prime minister in 1999 year:

1)was 2) is 3)will be 4)has 5) had

1. Always the policeman … details from a small book:

1)read 2) reads 3)is reading 4) has read 5) will read

1. People must …:

1)punished 2)punish 3)punishing 4) be punished 5) has punished

1. The legal system also … juvenile court

1) includes 2)including 3) has been including 4)been include 5) include

1. The most common type of law court in England and Wales … the magistrate’s court:

1) is has 2)have 3)had 4)will

1. Barristers … different from solicitor

1)has 2)will have 3) are 4)is 5)was been

1. He … here by evening:

1)had been 2) has been 3)is 4)was 5)had be

1. The lawyer … there by 10 o’clock:

1) will have been 2)will been 3) shall been 4) is been 5) will

1. He … the truth:

1)tell 2) told 3) tolled 4) tells 5) was told

1. In ancient times the laws … very strong:

1) were 2) was 3) will 4) shall 5)are

1. Police … that this man could be armed and therefore dangerou

1) warned 2)warning 3)warns 4) warn 5) is warn

1. Voting … place on Polling Day (usually a Thursdays):

1) takes 2) take 3) is taking 4) took 5) taken

1. The power of the Lords to reject a Bill … Severally …:

1) have, curtailed 2)has been, curtailed 3)has, curtail 4)will, curtail 5) has been, curtailed

1. Parliament … two part he House of Lords and the House of Common

1)have 2) having 3)had 4)has 5)is having

1. Departments and ministries … run by civil warrants, who … permanent official

1) is, is 2)are, are 3)is, are 4) are, was 5) was, is

1. The Cabinet … the ministers in charge of major government departments or 1)ministry 2) includes 3) include 4)including 5)has include 6) will be includes

1. Your ministers … next week:

1)come 2)came 3)coming 4)will come 5)comes

1. Our queen … the signature:

1) made 2) make 3) has made 4) had made 5) making

1. The president of the US … the right

1)have 2) is having 3)was have 4) had been having 5) has

1. Diane Abbot … a member of Parliament for Hockey in North London:

1) is 2) be 3)are 4)am 5)has

1. Although the Conservatives … few women as their candidates for the House of Common’s seats, women are very active in the affairs of the party as a whole:

1)choose 2)chose 3) chosen 4) was chosen 5) is chosen

1. The Conservative party … in free enterprise and the importance of a capitalist economy, with private ownership preferred to state control:

1) believe 2) believes 3) believed 4) believing 5) has believed

1. There … a Liberal party in Great Britain since 1868 when the name was adopted by the Whig party: 1)had been 2) have been 3) has been 4)has 5) have

1. The Liberal Democrats … that the state should have some control over the economy, but that there should be individual ownership:

1)believe 2)believes 3) believed 4) believing 5) has believed

1. The Queen … a central role in state affairs, not only through her ceremonial functions, such as opening Parliament, but also because she … the Prime Minister every week and … copies of all Cabinet paper

1) had, meet 2)has, meet 3)has, meets 4)have, meets 5)have, meet

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