Tower of London (презентация по английскому языку)

The Tower of London is a complex located on the Thames River in London. It has a rich history dating back to the 11 th century

William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London in year 1066. The tower was built by the medieval style. It served as fortress by protecting and controlling the city of London. It was royal residence, prison and the symbol of the royal authority.

Tower of London is composed of the towers of White, Wardrobe, Broad Arrow, Constable, Martin, Bowyer, Flint, Devereux, Beauchamp, Bell, Byward, Middle and site of Lion, Bloody, Wakefield, St. Thomas, Lanthorn, Cradle, Well and Salt. It is composed also of Traitors Gate, Queen´s House, Legge´s Mount and Brass Mount.

The White Tower is a central tower at the Tower of London. The great central keep was started in 1078 by William the Conqueror who ordered the White Tower to be built inside the south-east angle of The City walls, adjacent to the River Thames. This was as much to protect the Normans from the people of the City of London as to protect London from outside invaders.

William ordered the Tower to be built of Caen stone, which he had specially imported from France, and appointed Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester as the architect. The tower was finished around 1087 by his sons and successors, William Rufus and Henry I.

The highest room on the first floor, extending into the top floor, is the chapel to St. John the Evangelist built inside the White Tower in 1080, making it the oldest church in London.

The Chapel is about 55 feet long by 31 feet wide and 32 feet tall. Twelve Massive Norman columns dominate.

Royal Armory

While the first inventory of Royal armor was taken upon Henry VIII's death, it wasn't until 1660 that the Armory in the White Tower began to display some of it as an early museum. Most of the surviving armor of the Tudor and Stuart kings is on display here.

The Small Armoury includes the armor and swords of the 1500s and then descends to the rifles and small arms of 1600s and 1700s.

The "Spanish Armoury," comprising weapons reputed to have come from the defeated Spanish Armada in 1588.

The 'Spanish Armoury' contains the Tower's historic instruments of torture, including the infamous block and axe.

The "Line of Kings," which showed some of the armour of successive sovereigns, mounted on wooden dummies and horses that had been carved by such well-known artists as Grinling Gibbons and John van Nost.

Artillery

Room

The Bloody Tower

was built by

King Henry III

between 1238 - 1272

The purpose of the Bloody Tower was defensive It was also used as an infamous prison

The Bloody Tower was originally named the Garden Tower But was given this nickname from the murderous events which were believed to have occurred in the building

The "Princes in the Tower", Edward V of England (November 4, 1470 – 1483?) and his brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York (17 August 1473 – 1483?), were placed in the Tower of London by their uncle, Richard III of England in 1483, and they were never seen again. Their fate remains unknown, although many presume them to have been killed there.

In 1674, the skeletons of two children were discovered under the staircase leading to the chapel. These were believed to have been the remains of the two princes. On the orders of Charles II the remains were reburied in Westminster Abbey.

Sir Walter Raleigh a famed English writer, poet, soldier, courtier and explorer spent his long term of imprisonment in the Bloody Tower but was not killed there in mysterious circumstances. He was beheaded at Whitehall some years later.

Sir Walter Raleigh’s study in the Bloody Tower

Sir Walter Raleigh’s bedroom in the Bloody Tower

St Thomas's Tower

was built by

King Edward I

between 1275 - 1279

The purpose of St Thomas's Tower was defensive and to provide direct access from the River Thames

One room in St. Thomas's Tower in the Tower of London was originally the King's Chamber King Edward stayed at the Tower in 1294 and is likely to have slept in this room in a great bed.

King Edward I also built the infamous river entrance to the Tower of London known as Traitors' Gate.

It was used for the admission of State prisoners who were brought to the Tower of London by the River Thames.

The Wakefield Tower

was built by

King Henry III

between

1238 - 1272

This tower was part of the original Norman plan. The upper storey was rebuilt by Henry III, who made it the entrance to his palace on the east.

Throne Room. The upper chamber of the Wakefield Tower built for Henry III between 1220 and 1240.

The Broad Arrow Tower

was built by

King Henry III

between 1238 - 1272

The purpose of the Broad Arrow Tower was to house part of the garrison

The name of the Tower is believed to reflect the weapons of the armed men who were garrisoned there

The Constable Tower

was built by King Henry III. between 1238 – 1272. The purpose of the Constable Tower was accommodation and as a prison. The name of the Constable Tower is believed to be due because the Constable of the Tower of London originally lived in this building.

The Martin Tower

was built by

King Henry III

between 1238 - 1272

The purpose of the Martin Tower was to be used as a prison. It was also used to store the Crown Jewels between 1669 and 1841 when it was referred to as the Jewel Tower.

The Bowyer Tower

was built by

King Henry III

between 1238 - 1272

was named for the royal bowmakers who lived there. George, Duke of Clarence was imprisoned in the Bowyer for treason against his brother, King Edward IV. In 1478 he died in the Bowyer tower supposedly by drowning in a barrel or butt of malmsey wine

The Byward Tower

was the great Gatehouse of the Outer Ward and is in part the work of Henry III, and in part that of Richard II

was built between

1238 - 1272

and strengthened further during Richard II reign The purpose of the Byward Tower was to offer additional protection to the central keep and possessed two portcullis.

The Deveraux Tower

was built by King Henry III between 1238 - 1272

In general terms the towers were built for accommodation, including prisons, and as gateways protecting the Tower of London.

The Deveraux Tower was named after Robert Devereux the Earl of Essex who on 25th February 1601 was executed for treason

by Queen Elizabeth I. He wanted to overthrow the Queen. But the rebellion collapsed.

The Beauchamp Tower

was built by

King Edward I

between 1275 - 1281

The Beauchamp Tower was for defensive purposes. It was quickly used to lodge prisoners of rank.

Its present name probably refers to the residence in it as a prisoner of Thomas, third Earl of Warwick , of the Beauchamp family, who was attainted under Richard II in 1397, but restored to his honours and liberty two years later under Henry IV.

The Bell Tower

was built during the reigns of Richard the Lionheart by his regent William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely and completed during the reign of King John

between 1190 - 1210

The bell the Bell Tower contained was rung at times of danger and immediately all drawbridges were raised, portcullises dropped and gates shut.

The Bell Tower is the second oldest building in the castle complex.

Among the most famous prisoners confined to the Bell Tower was Sir Thomas More imprisoned there in 1534

On 17 March 1554 a terrified Princess Elizabeth was taken by barge to the Tower of London, entering via Traitor's Gate, beneath St Thomas's Tower and was confined to the Bell Tower by her sister Queen Mary ( Bloody Mary )

The Middle Tower

was originally built by Henry III, but has been entirely refaced. between 1238 - 1272

The Middle Tower was so named because it was built between two other towers. The two towers on either side of the Middle Tower are the Lion Tower (no longer visible) and the Byward Tower.

The Salt Tower

was built by

King Henry III

The date the Salt Tower was built was between

1238 - 1272

The purpose of the Salt Tower was initially residential.

The Salt Tower was once referred to as Balliol's Tower having once imprisoned John Balliol the King of Scotland in 1297 - 1299.

The Cradle Tower

was built by

King Edward III

The date the Cradle Tower was built was believed to be in 1360

The purpose of the Cradle Tower was to provide King Edward III with a private water entrance to his apartments

The Jesuit priest John Gerard escaped from the Cradle Tower in 1599

The Brick Tower

was built by King Henry III between 1238 - 1272

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was briefly imprisoned in the Brick Tower in 1592, when he offended the vain Queen Elizabeth by marrying Elizabeth Throckmorton, a maid of honor, without permission. He was released later that year.

The Develin Tower

was built

by King Edward I

The Develin Tower was built during 1282 and the late 1500's a causeway ran from the Develin Tower across the moat to the since demolished Iron Gate.

The furthest tower to the East is the Develin Tower. It was partly rebuilt during the seventeenth century.

The Well Tower

was built by King Edward I

between

1275 - 1279

The purpose of the Well Tower was to protect the new river frontage

Two water shafts ran from the tower to an underground well from which fresh water could be drawn

The Well Tower

The Lanthorn Tower

was built by

King Henry III

between 1238 - 1272

It is the second largest tower. The Lanthorn Tower was named for the lantern which was placed in the small turret on top of the tower at night as a guide for ships on the Thames. Prisoners were later housed in the Lanthorn Tower which was partly destroyed by fire in 1774 and subsequently demolished.

The Wardrobe Tower

was built during the reign of Richard the Lionheart by his rent William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely between 1190-1199, to store clothing, jewels and personal articles of the Royal Family. A portion of the wall of the Roman city of Londinium was found built into the Wardrobe Tower.

The Flint Tower

was built by King Henry III between 1238 - 1272

The origins of the name of the tower are uncertain but it is believed that it was named after The flint stone which was used to build part of the tower

It was built for prisons, and as gateways protecting the Tower of London

The Legge's Mount

named for George Legge, serves as a protection on the northwest angle of the Tower of London. A later addition, it included gun ports for cannons.

Admiral George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth (1647 – 1691) was a British naval commander who gave distinguished service to both Charles II and James II.

The Brass Mount

It is located on the northeast angle of the Tower of London. The Brass Mount got it's name from the enormous brass cannons that were handled at the Tower during the seventeenth century.

The Queen's House

was built in 1530 during the reign of Henry VIII in Tudor style. Henry VIII probably built the Queen's House for Ann Boleyn. It is one of the few remaining wood houses in London from this period that survived the Great Fire.

Anne Boleyn

Queen Consort of England

(1501/1507– 19 May 1536),

was Queen of England as the second wife of King Henry VIII spent the last days of her life in a small room in the north wing of the Queen’s House.

Lady Jane Grey

Jane, Queen of England and Ireland (1536/1537 – 12 February 1554)

was a claimant to the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland, who was de facto monarch of England for just over a week in 1553.

She was executed on 12 February 1554 in the Tower of London

The Waterloo Barracks

The Crown Jewels have been on display at the Tower of London since the 17th century in a number of different locations Today they are housed in the Waterloo Barracks, which was built in the 19th century It was built while the Duke of Wellington was Constable of the Tower (1826-52) .

The collective term Crown Jewels denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the sovereign of the United Kingdom during the coronation ceremony and at other state functions.

Источники:

• http://www.castles.me.uk/the-tower-of-london.htm

• http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Заглавная_страница
• http:// архив картинок google.ru

• http://library.thinkquest.org/J0113146/towers_grounds.htm