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Different Kinds of Ships

There are over 70.000 merchant ships in the world. Some of these are general cargo ships. Others are specialized and are used for carrying one kind of cargo such as oil or bananas while others may be used for passengers or holiday cruises. But because people travel mostly by air nowadays the old passenger liners have gone out of service. However it is still possible to travel by sea on a cargo boat (freighter), which has passenger accommodation.

Copy this diagram and complete it with expressions from the passage.

Complete these sentences with words from the passage or diagram.

1.          Ships which carry one kind of cargo are _____.

2.          Ships which carry oil are called _____.

3.          Ships which carry passengers on holiday are called _____ _____.

4.          Ships which carry only travelers are called _____ _____.

Match the words on the left with the words on the right.

The matching words are synonymous but they are used differently. Look for different uses of synonymous words in the passages that follow.

Talking About Ships

Useful words:

Read the dialogue below and say if there is any difference between a freighter and a cargo ship.

Patrick:      I say, Dad, is this an aircraft carrier they are showing on TV right now? It’s huge!

Chris:        Yes, that’s right. It’s the nuclear powered aircraft carrier USS “Nimitz”. The newest CVNs (Aircraft Carriers with Nuclear Propulsion) are large enough to carry as many as 1000 jet aircraft and accommodate over 4500 men.

P.:     Do tell me more about ships.

C.:     I’m afraid I don’t know much about men-of war as I never served in the Navy, but I’m sure I can tell you quite a lot about merchant ships.

P.:     Tell me about freighters then.

C.:     Well, they say “freighter” in America and say “cargo ship”. It’s a ship that can carry all types of commodities in its cargo holds. In contrast to the freighter’s “open” cargo, the cargo handled by a container ship is already stowed in containers. Roll on/roll off ships are vehicle carriers. Vehicles of all types are driven aboard ship through side or stern cargo ports (they are also called “doors”). LASH is short for Lighter Aboard Ship.

P.:     I don’t think I understand what a “lighter” is.

C.:     The LASH-ship takes loaded barges – they are called lighters – on board and later discharges them at the port of destination. Thus time is saved.

Read and translate the text

Types of ships

Useful words:

All ships are divided into 2 broad categories: men-of-war and merchant ships.

The Navy’s ships include aircraft carriers, cruisers, frigates, submarines, mine warfare ships (mine sweepers), auxiliary ships and service craft.

US Coast Guard’s ships are known as cutters.

Merchant ships fall into these broad categories: freighters (or cargo ships), dry bulk carriers, tankers, passenger ships, coastal and harbour craft. Pleasure craft and yachts are used for sport and rest.

Main types of fishing ships are seines, trawlers, clippers and others.

Two new ship types are widely used: hydrofoil and hovercraft. The hydrofoil uses underwater foils to obtain lift. With the hull above the water, resistance is greatly reduced and speed increased. Some hydrofoils use water-jet propulsion instead of propellers. The hovercraft (or air cushion vehicles) ride over the waves, marsh or land on a cushion of air moved by air propellers.

Pair words with an opposite meaning:

Pair words with similar meaning:

Read and translate the following text:

On one hand, all cargo ships are divided into two types: dry cargo ships and tankers. On the other hand, cargo ships may be divided into universal ships designed to carry principal different types of cargo and specialized ships designed to carry one type of cargo (e.g. bulk cargo, timber, refrigerated goods, oil etc.). Such specialized ships as bulkers (=bulk-carriers), timber-carriers, reefer ships, tankers have long been known. In the past two decades three trends in specialized ship design have emerged. One is cargo-carriers with cargo handling equipment on board for special purposes or routes, such as, for example, heavy/bulky cargo ships with derricks or cranes capable of handling single lifts over 500 tons without requiring outside assistance. These ships are also called special-purpose ships. The second trend is Roll-on/Roll-off ships, in which bow and stern doors and adjustable steel ramps permit vehicles to drive on board and drive off again, requiring only minimum dock-side facilities. The third trend is the container ship. The use of containers for cargoes has encouraged the design of ships specifically to carry containers. In their extreme form, as in the LASH barge-carrying ships, the container is a 60-foot steel lighter, which can be quickly launched over the ship’s stern.

There are specialized ships designed to carry different types of cargoes (e.g. OBO ships, PROBO ships, CONBULKERSs etc.). These are called combined ships.

A comparatively new development is the multi-purpose ship combining characteristic features of both universal and specialized vessels.

In dependence of the cargo handling method used dry cargo ships may also be divided into: LO-LO (lift-on/lift-off) vessels where handling of cargo is effected by derricks or cranes through cargo hatches; RO-RO (roll-on/roll-off) vessels where the cargo is rolled on board and rolled off through cargo ports or doors in the bow, stern or sides of the ship; FO-FO (float-on/float-off) vessels where dock lift cargo handling method is used, that is floating cargo units (e.g. barges) are floated into cargo spaces (usually large holds). But there are also hybrid vessels where combinations of the above mentioned methods are used, such as LO-LO/RO-RO (or RO/LO), RO-RO/FO-FO (or RO/FO-RO-Flow) vessels and others.