Эпонимы в английском языке

15

Contents

Introduction……………………………………………….2

Chapter I. Eponymy

1. The origin of the word “Eponym”………………………………………………….3

1.2. The definition of eponym…………………………………………………….4

1.3. Ways of eponym formation…………………………………………………..5

Chapter II Sources of eponyms…………………………….7

Chapter III Classification of eponyms……………………………………………………13

Conclusion………………………………………………...18

Bibliography………………………………………………19

Appendices………………………………………………...20

Introduction

As a living language, English is constantly changing. New words come into English in many different ways: some of them are borrowed from other languages; some are invented; and some come from proper names. The process by which a proper name, such as a surname, becomes generalized as a word—noun, verb, adjective, adverb—is technically known as eponymy. Though this aspect of language has been studied by modern linguists, nevertheless, I find it rather actual for English learners as all words have their own history, mystery and enigmas.

The object of the paper is the research of scientific literature on modern eponymous processes.

The aim of the paper is to explore the ways of transition of proper names into common nouns.

The aim of this paper has caused the following tasks:

•To investigate the etymology of eponyms of English origin and ways of their formation

•To study sources of eponymy

•To classify eponyms according to themes

•To compile a thematic English – Russian Vocabulary of eponyms

I find the theme to be of practical importance as it can help English learners to find out more about the origin of English words, to enrich their lexicon.

The paper comprises introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendices.

Chapter I. EPONYMY

1. The origin of the word “Eponym”

As a living language, English is constantly changing. New words come into English in many different ways: some of them are borrowed from other languages; some are invented; and some come from proper names. The process by which a proper name, such as a surname, becomes generalized as a word—noun, verb, adjective, adverb—is technically known as eponymy.

The word “eponymy” came into English about 1860-1865 from the Greek “epōnymía” meaning “surname or derived name.”The suffix –nym means name. The word eponym comes from Greek eponymos, “given as a name; bestowing a name on something.”

Eponym as a noun means the person for whom a country or location is named. For example, Romulus is the legendary eponym of Rome. Simón Bolivar is the known eponym of Bolivia.

Eponym is a proper name used generically; more loosely, the generic name itself, or any noun phrase of specific meaning which includes a proper name. For example, Marxism: a theory and practice of socialism developed by or associated with Karl Marx; ohm: a unit of electrical resistance.

Eponymism means the practice of accounting for names of places or peoples by referring them to supposed prehistoric eponyms. In the Middle Ages, writers claimed Brutus of Troy as the eponym of Britain and the British people.

Eponomy (noun) is another word for eponymism.

Eponymize: v. (trans.) to serve as eponym to. For example, the name Benedict Arnold has become an eponym for traitor.

Eponymous: adjective, referring to an eponym. For example, Jane Eyre is the eponymous heroine of the novel by Charlotte Bronte. Another word used for eponymous is eponymic.

1.2. The definition of the word “eponym”

Table 1

Different definitions of an eponym

Dictionary	Definition	Source
Wikipedia:	Eponym –a person or thing, whether real or fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named.	En.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Eponym
Collins Dictionary:	Eponymy-the derivation of names of places, etc, from those of persons	www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/eponymy
Merriam-Webster:	eponymy | eponymies [plural]-the explanation of a proper name (as of a town or tribe) by supposing a fictitious eponym	www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eponymy
New World Dictionary:	eponymy | eponymies [plural]-the name derivation of a people, nation, etc. from the name of a real or mythical person	www.yourdictionary.com/eponymy
American Heritage Dictionary:	Eponymy-derivation of a name of a city, country, era, institution, or other place or thing from that of a person	www.yourdictionary.com/eponymy
Wiktionary:	eponymy [semantics] | eponymies [plural]-the semantic relation of eponyms; the quality of being eponymous.	En.wiktionary.org/wiki/eponymy
Random House Dictionary:	Eponymy-the derivation of names from eponyms	dictionary.infoplease.com/eponymy
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition	Derivation of a name of a city, country, era, institution, or other place or thing from that of a person.
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English	The derivation of the name of a race, tribe, etc., from that of a fabulous hero, progenitor, etc.
Britannica Encyclopedia:	in descriptive linguistics and traditional grammar, the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it. It’s a major	www​.britannica​.com​/E​Bchecked​/topic​/158506​/derivation
Cambridge Dictionary:	the origin of something, such as a word, from which another form has developed, or the new form itself	dictionary​.cambridge​.org​/dictionary​/british​/derivation
Oxford Dictionary	the action of obtaining something from a source or origin | the formation of a word from another word or from a root in the same or another language.	oxforddictionaries​.com​/definition​/english​/derivation

1. 3 Ways of eponym formation

There are many ways that make elements of the language turn into names — but there is a contrary process when names are used in the formation of new lexemes. When a personal name is used in this way, it is known as an eponym, and the process as eponymy. In science the most famous laws, rules, theories are eponymous: they are known by the names of the scientists who invented or discovered them.

Structurally and semantically eponyms differ. Eponyms may be grouped traditionally into at least six structural types: simple eponyms, compounds and attributive constructions, suffix-based derivatives, possessives, clippings blends, the division being suggested by McArthur. Though development of new scientific branches, namely computer engineering and programming, calls for the creation of one more type of eponyms — abbreviations — that is used increasingly.

Structural Types

suffix-based derivatives

possessives

simple eponyms

attributive constructions clippings blends compounds constructions

Simple eponyms are proper nouns that have been re-categorized as common nouns, often having the plural form, such as: boycott — the practice of boycotting is named after the British land agent, Charles C. Boycott, County Mayo, Ireland, ostracized in 1880 for refusing to reduce rents. Such common nouns may also be part of collocations: to impose a boycott, to lift a boycott; it may also behave as a transitive verb: (to) boycott — to avoid or prevent trade or dealings with, as a means of intimidation or protest

Possessive constructions include compounds consisting of personal names in the possessive case associated with different terms. The examples are numerous, most well-known among which being Abraham Lincoln’s Rumination, Murray’s Law, George Bernard Shaw’s Observation: Those who can — do. Those who cannot — teach; Taft’s Law: If «pro» is the opposite of «con», then «Progress» is the opposite of «Congress», Brooks’ Law: «Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later».

Often eponyms are the result of suffixation, which are added to proper names, producing nouns, adjectives and adverbs. The active suffixes in the creation of eponyms are mainly -ian, -ism, and –ist, for instance, Machiavellian, Machiavellianism, Machiavellism, Machiavellianly, Leninism, Marxism, McCarthyism, Gaussian X (a computing term named after Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss), comstockery — an overzealous censorship of literature and other forms of art, was coined by George Bernard Shaw in reference to Anthony Comstock.

Pasteurize:

The origin of “pasteurize” is well-known by most people: it comes from the French scientist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) who developed the process which now bears his name. In 1862, together with Claude Bernard, he invented a process in which liquids, such as milk, were heated to kill most bacteria and mould.(1)

Galvanize:

Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) is an eighteenth-century Italian physician (2). In studying frogs, Galvani first observed that electricity made muscles contract. While Galvani called this “animal electricity”, his peer Alessandro Volta dubbed it “galvanism.”  In 1797, English adopted “galvanism” from French to describe a chemically induced electricity. A little later the verb “galvanize” was borrowed from French to describe the act of applying galvanism.

Clippings are used to create eponyms much less frequently, though are still observed: Casper is a colloquial word for a computer protection program Caspersky, named after the founder of the company and inventor of this program Eugene Caspersky.

A blend or portmanteau word is a word made by putting together parts of other words. Examples in case are: Nixonomics (Nixon + economics) refers to President Nixon’s economic policies, especially from an opposing political viewpoint; Reaganomics (Reagan + economics) is used to denote and describe the economic policies of U. S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s

Chapter II. Sources of Eponymy

Table 1.

Donor areas for the creation of eponyms

1	First/middle names
2	Last names
3	Unreal, virtual, literary characters
4	Mythological and religious characters
5	Place names
6	Lifeless objects having proper names (chrematonyms)
7	Ergonyms
8	Brand names

The donor areas for the creation of eponyms are different because proper nouns comprise different classes of names: names of people or anthroponyms, geographical names or toponyms, names of beings connected with some religion or mythology or etc. First names function as the donors for eponymous words quite frequently, although last names fulfill this function more often. First names as well as middle names and nicknames have one common feature from the viewpoint of their ability to turn into eponyms — a prominent bearer, as in the examples below:

Platonic (love) comes from the name of the Latin philosopher Plato and stands for a nonphysical attraction between a man and a woman, sometimes called platonic friendship. This notion of friendship is loosely derived from views stated in Plato’s Symposium, in which he tells of the pure love of Socrates for young men. In 1626 in England, platonic love, the love of friendship only, came to be applied only to a love between a man and a woman, and the talk between them was called platonic.

Last names are incredibly productive in the creation of eponyms, which is well understood, since it is the last name that better individualizes the person, simultaneously allowing his family, creations, inventions, etc. «to borrow» the name:

Ohm is used as a physical term, acquiring its name from Georg Simon Ohm.

Pasteurize owes the name to the inventor of the process, Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist

Pickle can be traced to one William Beukelz or Beukel, a fourteen-century Dutch fisherman who was known as the first to «pickle» food. Though Beukel pickled fish, his name, mispronounced slightly, came to apply to pickled cucumbers.

The given examples were based on real people’s names, possessing though different degrees of prominence. At the same time it should be stated that unreal, virtual, mostly literary characters sometimes donate their names to eponyms, as in the following examples:

Pantaloons, pants — the forebear of these articles of dress can be traced to the baggy trousers worn by a character in the Italian commedia dell’artewho in his turn got the name from the patron saint of Venice—San Pantaleone. (3)

Tam-o’-shanter, tam, the standard headgear of Scots ploughmen, was a shortened form of tam-o’-shanter.(4) This cap was usually made of wool or cloth, and while fitting snugly to the head and around the brow, it was wider than the headband. Its distinctive mark was a pompom or a tassel in the center. Its name derives from Tam O’shanter, the hero of a Robert Burns poem (1789).

Mythological and religious conscience is an inherent part of the human brain. Consequently, names of gods, angels, demons, all types of mythological creatures have always been well - known, widely used and a considerable percentage of them turned into eponyms.

Names of gods from various religions often produced eponyms, either naming connected with them relatives or some distinctive artefacts, features, etc.:

Panic, pandemonium — are both connected with the name of Pan, in the Greek religion a god of forests and fields, of flocks and shepherds, came from disputed parentage(5). He is represented with the torso of a man and the legs, horns, and ears of a goat. Because he dwelt in the woodlands, any weird sound or eerie sigh emanating at night from the mountains or valleys was attributed to him. Pan was a mischievous creature and loved to dart out of underbrush and shout at people just to startle them. A panic is caused by overpowering fear.

Panacea,hygeia — the Roman god of medicine, Aesculapius, had seven daughters, among them Panacea and Hygeia, both of whose names have passed into common usage in English. Panaceas’s name means «all-healing» The Greek form of her name was

Panakeia, from pan, meaning all, and akeisthai, to heal. Hence the word panacea came to mean a cure-all, a universal medicine or remedy.

Phaeton(6) is an open four-wheeled carriage drawn by a pair of horses and designed to accommodate two persons plus driver. It was a popular means of transportation during the nineteenth century. It is also the name for an early type of open automobile. The name for these means of transportation was taken from the name Phaeton, the son of Helios, god of the sun.

Heroes also gave their names to the noble task of enlarging the English word-stock, though it happened quite rarely, for example:

Berserk (неистовый) -from Norse mythology has come the word berserk, meaning «deranged» or «raging» or «crazed». Berserk, a legendary Norse hero of the eighth century, always went into battle without armor and was famed for the savagery and reckless fury with which he fought. In old Scandinavian, berserk probably meant «bear-shirt,» that is, one clothed only in his shirt and not protected by armor or heavy clothing.

Besides gods mythology and religions comprise a variety of other creatures, sometimes giving life to eponyms. Below are several well-known eponymous words based on their names:

Chimeric, chimerical in today’s language means visionary, fantastic, un-real, or wildly improbable. The word stems from a mythological story of a she-monster named Chimera. This fire-breathing monster was represented as spewing flames and usually as having a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a dragon’s tail.

Siren is the sound-producing device that was invented by the French physicist Charles Cagniard de la Tour in 1819. His invention determined the frequency, or number of vibrations per second, corresponding to a sound of any pitch. Sirens are now used only as signals. In Greek mythology, Sirens (from sirenes, meaning «entanglers») lived on an island off southern Italy. They were mythical monsters, half woman and half bird, who, by their sweet singing, lured mariners to destruction on the rocks surrounding their island.

Not only living or quasi-living beings possess the ability of creating eponyms, but place names, ortoponyms, as well. A certain phenomenon being connected to a certain area might acquire its name, as in the examples:

Sybarite comes from a region in southern Italy, and founded a city that they named Sybaris. Its inhabitants followed such a liberal policy of admitting people from all lands that the city flourished and was soon noted for its wealth and luxury. In fact, no other Hellenic city could compare with Sybaris in prosperity and splendor.

Bikini — a skimpy two-piece swimsuit appeared in 1947, when bikinis were first seen on the beaches of the French Riviera, a year after the United States began testing atom bombs on the Bikini atoll of the Marshall Islands.

Cologne, a city on the Rhine, where «eau de cologne» was first made, was founded in 38 B. C. as AraUbiorum. When the city became a Roman colony in A. D. 50 its name was changed to Colonia Agrippina in honor of the Roman empress Agrippina Minor, who was born there. Later the French modified the name to Cologne, and that is the way it has remained in English.

Cities, islands, some larger geographical units cannot boast with the exclusive right to produce eponyms. So-called microtoponyms, i.e. names of streets, lanes, parks, buildings, monuments and the like once in a while demonstrate the same ability, the examples though being scarce:

Pasquinade is a witty lampoon or squib, having ridicule for its object, written anonymously, and posted for all to see, or a satire mocking someone that is published in a vehicle of general circulation. Anyone who pins up an unsigned note on the bulletin board, hoping the boss will see it, has posted a pasquinade. In 1501 in Rome aт ancient statue was unearthed, restored, and placed near the Piazza Navona. Some say it was a statue of a Roman gladiator named Pasquino. Others contend that the statue was named after Pasquin, a barber noted for his caustic wit, whose shop was near the field where the statue was found.

Fictitious toponyms, i.e. those that appeared in a myth or literary work, rarely serve as donors to eponyms:

Serendipity, serendipitous — Horace Walpole coined the word serendipity, which he used in a letter addressed to a friend dated January 28, 1754, and formed from the title of a Persian fairy story, The Three Princes of Serendip. This was a happy coinage, for in their travels the princes of Serendip repeatedly discovered, by chance, rewards they were not seeking.

Examples of things, lifeless objects having proper names are known, as the Holy Grail or Big Ben. Such names are called chrematonyms. Several eponyms are known to have originated form chrematonyms, as in the following paragraph:

Palladium, Palladian — Pallas Athena, called Pallas Minerva in Latin, perhaps is so named from the spear she brandished. In classical legend, the wooden statue of Pallas, in the citadel of Troy, which was said to have fallen from heaven, preserved the safety of the city. From this notion has come the general meaning of palladium—a safeguard on which anyone or anything can depend. The Trojans knew this legend well. After Odysseus and Diomedes stole the statue, Troy fell.

Another source of eponymy is presented by ergonyms or names of groups of people, united by their educational, professional, ideological, confessional, etc. interests. Names suited to the occupations of their owners in this way are sometimes known as aptonyms, as Draper is understood as a dealer in dry goods, Dresser as a surgeon’s assistant in a hospital. The difference between aptonyms and eponyms lies in the opposing nomination:denomination processes, the latter turning into appellatives completely, for example:

Zeal, zealot — is defined as earnest enthusiasm, especially for a cause.

The original Zealots, members of a religious sect, were dedicated to protecting a piece of ground, even at the expense of their lives. The Zealots, first-century fundamentalists, were a Jewish sect founded by Judas of Gamala, who fiercely fought for God’s law against the Romans, who opposed it.

Ideonyms are the names of spiritual and intellectual human creations, such as names of literary works, musical pieces, sculptures, paintings. They might become eponyms, but it happens very seldom:

Pamphlet — a Latin poem titled Pamphilus was famous in the twelfth century. The author of this Latin poem is unknown, but the verses, some three pages in length, became the best-known piece of literature in the Middle Ages.

Brand names of popular products create a huge variety of eponyms.

Any sweet gas water may be called Coca-Cola, any car may be (ironically) named Mercedes, the list being almost endless. A proprietary eponym could be considered a brand name (trademark or service mark) which has fallen into general use. Some very widely used eponyms based on trade marks/brand names are offered in the next paragraphs:

Xerox — a photocopy produced by an electronic xerography machine produced by Xerox Corporation or a machine itself.

Lego — plastic, snap-action building block(s) produced by The Lego Group.

Levis, Levi’s — jeans created by Levi Strauss during the California Gold Rush.

Google — to perform a Web-based search-engine query powered by Google, Inc.

Conclusion: As may be seen various types of proper names are able to turn into eponyms. The donor areas for the creation of eponyms are different, because proper nouns comprise different classes of names: names of people or anthroponyms, geographical names or toponyms, names of beings connected with some religion or mythology or theonyms, chrematonyms, ergonyms, ideonyms and commercial brand names.

Chapter III. Classification of Eponyms

EPONYMS

F ood & drinks Eponyms in science

Horse racing

clothes Human qualities

Eponyms derived from

characters in fiction, mythology

Eponyms show how related terms can become names for specific things. Inventors, founders, and scientists are often eponymous people, inspiring the eponymic terms that come to describe their inventions, products, or discoveries. Eponyms provide those who have created or imagined something with the power of a name and idea that outlives them. They also highlight people who have characterized entire styles, eras, or studies.

Eponyms can be widely found in various spheres of our life. Here is an attempt to divide them into groups and classify them.

1.Clothes

Cardigan

The knitted jacket or sweater fastened down the front with buttons was invented by James Thomas Brudenell, seventh Earl of Cardigan (1797-1868). The English cavalry officer spent his inherited wealth on making his regiment the best dressed in the service. The garment was first worn during the Crimean War as a protection against cold winters.(7)

 Raglan –“having or being a sleeve that extends in one piece to the neckline of the garment, with slanted seams from the armhole to the neck.” Named for Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan who was minus an arm. The special type of sleeve made his jacket fit better. Usually seen in the phrase raglan sleeve.

Balaclava- a knitted helmet named after the town of Balaclava, a battle field during the Crimean War in 1853 – 1856.

Stetson- a cowboy hat (8)

Wellingtons – “waterproof boots of rubber or sometimes leather reaching to below the knee and worn in wet or muddy conditions.” Named for Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), who also in his lifetime had a style of coat, hat, and trousers named for him as well as varieties of apple and pine trees.

2.Food & drinks

Caesar Salad

Many people believe that the creator of the Caesar salad was no other than Julius Caesar. However, this is wrong. The phrase derives from the Italian-American restaurateur and chef  Caesar Cardini. He is credited with having created the Caesar salad which became fashionable among Hollywood and other celebrities.

Sandwich

“Sandwich” is often cited in etymologies as the classic example of eponymy. The name comes from John Montegu (1718-1793), the Fourth Earl of Sandwich, who was known for his love of gambling. According to one story, he spent 24 hours at the gaming table, eating only meat between slices of bread. Others at the table noticed this and began ordering “the same as Sandwich.” This was the origin of the word sandwich to describe a particular kind of food.(9)

Bloody Mary vodka and tomato juice drink; after the nickname of Mary I, Queen of England (1553-58), notorious for persecution of Protestants.(10)

3.Horse racing(11)

Derby, Jockey

4. Human qualities

Casanova– This is one of those many euphemisms for a man who preys on women. One definition is “a man gallantly attentive to women.” Others are “promiscuous man,” or “philanderer.” From Giacomo Jacopo Girolamo Casanova de Seignalt (1725-98), an Italian adventurer who wrote a memoir in which he bragged about his “conquests.”

Hooligan

Patrick Hooligan was allegedly a rowdy fictional Irishman who travelled to England and became a criminal. The eponym then appeared in print in London police court reports in 1894. It referred to the name of a gang of youths in Lambeth, south London. The gang called themselves the Hooligan Boys and later, theO’Hooligan Boys.

Sadistic

The terms sadistic and sadism derive from the name of the Marquis de Sade, a French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer. He was famous for his libertine sexuality and erotic works, which combined philosophical discourse with pornography. He not only wrote about sexual fantasies with an emphasis on violence and criminality, but also practiced sexual sadism himself.(12)

Draconian is defined as “unusually severe or cruel punishment”, but is often used nowadays to mean any sort of harsh regime or thought. Draco was a lawmaker in Ancient Greece, who abolished the “oral law” system, and then replaced it with a written code, against which a person’s crimes would be judged in court. To ensure everyone was aware of the law, it was carved into wooden tablets and displayed for the population to see. So, the question is, how can a man who created a system which was fairer than the one which preceded it, have a negative word associated with him? The answer is in the laws that he created. Minor crimes that would result in a fine or a warning today, were punishable by death.

5. Eponyms in science

Salmonella: Theobald Smith (1859-1934) He discovered salmonella, which is a hog cholera bacillus. During the study of hog cholera, he made the dramatic discovery that dead bacteria would still provoke an immune system response. Thus it would be possible to immunize animals against living bacteria, using dead bacteria. This became the foundation for the development of a typhus vaccine and, later, Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine.

Amp and Ampere (from André Marie Ampère, 1775-1836)

The term for a unit of electric current was named after the French mathematician who's credited with the discovery of electromagnetism.

Diesel (from Rudolf Diesel, 1858-1913)

After surviving the explosion of his first internal combustion engine, German engineer Rudolf Diesel went on to achieve wealth and fame--until drowning when he went overboard while crossing the English Channel by steamer.

Alzheimer's disease (from Alois Alzheimer, 1864-1915)

Physician and philosopher of ancient Greece and Rome linked to the weakening of the old age of reason, but only in 1901 the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer noted a case of illness, which was later named after him. Analysis of disease fifty Augusta D. he published for the first time in 1906, after the patient, for whom he watched died.

Curie (from Marie and Pierre Curie)- non-system unit of radioactivity

6. Eponyms derived from characters in fiction, mythology, or geographical locations

Mythology

1. Morphine (from Morpheus, Greek god of dreams), erotic (from Eros, Greek god of love), tantalize (from Tantalus, mythical king of Phrygia) From the Roman we get: volcano, vulcanise (from Vulcan, Roman god of fire), fauna (from Faunus, Roman god of pastures), flora (from Flora, Roman goddess of flowers) and venereal (from Venus, Roman goddess of love).

2. Many eponyms derive from Greek or Roman religious belief and practice. For example, the first six months of the year:

January: Named for Janus, the Roman god of gates and doorways, depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions

February: Named for Februa, Roman festival of purification held in that month.

March: Named for Mars, Roman god of war.

April: The name came from an Etruscan word associated with Aphrodite, Greek goddess of love and beauty.

May: Named for Maia, “the great one,” Italic goddess of spring and daughter of Faunus.

June: Named for Juno, principal Roman goddess and patroness of women and marriage. Her month is still popular with brides.

3.Panic, pandemonium — are both connected with the name of Pan, in the Greek religion a god of forests and fields, of flocks and shepherds, came from disputed parentage. He is represented with the torso of a man and the legs, horns, and ears of a goat.

4.Panacea, hygeia — the Roman god of medicine, Aesculapius, had seven daughters, among them Panacea and Hygeia, both of whose names have passed into common usage in English. Panaceas’s name means «all-healing» The Greek form of her name was Panakeia, from pan, meaning all, and akeisthai, to heal. Hence the word panacea came to mean a cure-all, a universal medicine or remedy.

5. Phaeton is an open four-wheeled carriage drawn by a pair of horses and designed to accommodate two persons plus a driver.

6. Aegean Sea- mythology associates the name with the name of the sea king Aegeus of Athens, who threw himself off a cliff into the sea, thinking that his son was killed in Crete, killed the Minotaur.

7. The word “panic” is actually derived from the Greek god Pan who was known for sneaking up on herds of sheep and goats to surprise them. Easily scared, they would break into uncontrollable fear, also known as panic.

Conclusion:

As a living language, English is constantly changing. As the analysis shows eponymy is one of the productive ways of word formation in the English Language.

•Structurally and semantically eponyms differ. Eponyms may be grouped traditionally into at least six structural types: simple eponyms, compounds and attributive constructions, suffix-based derivatives, possessives, clippings blends, abbreviations.

•Various types of proper names are able to turn into eponyms. The donor areas for the creation of eponyms are different, because proper nouns comprise different classes of names: names of people or anthroponyms, geographical names or toponyms, names of beings connected with some religion or mythology or theonyms, chrematonyms, ergonyms, ideonyms and commercial brand names.

•Donor areas for the creation of eponyms are different. They are:

• First/middle names

• Last names

• Unreal, virtual, literary characters

• Mythological and religious characters

• Place names

• Lifeless objects having proper names (chrematonyms)

• Ergonyms

• Brand names

•Study of etymology of English words helps enrich one`s vocabulary. Eponyms can save time and effort in communication and make language more precise and efficient.

• Using eponyms can facilitate your learning process by connecting complex topics to familiar names. It can be easier for you to remember a name associated with a specific theory or invention than to recall numerous abstract details.

• Eponyms facilitates international understanding. In today’s globalized world, eponyms can play a crucial role in fostering mutual understanding and cooperation between different cultures and nations.

Bibliography

1 Baayen, Harald and Rochelle Lieber 1991, ‘Productivity and English word-formation: a corpus-based Study’, Linguistics 29: 801-843.

2 Bauer, Laurie 1983, English Word-formation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

3 Katharine S.Thomas, The Development of Eponymy, Scientometrics, Vol. 24 №3 (1992)

4 СКВОРЦОВА Е.Е.Журнал Известия Тульского государственного университета. Гуманитарные науки Выпуск№ 1-2 / 2012

5 Азимов А. Слова в науке: История происхождения научных терминов. М., Центрополиграф, 2006. Блау М.Г. Судьба эпонимов: 300 историй происхождения названий. Изд-во ЭНАС, 2010.

Dictionaries:

1 Рязанцев В.Д. Имена и названия. Словарь эпонимов: имена собственные, перешедшие в названия; образование терминов и понятий; происхождение имен нарицательных; слова, употребляемые в переносном смысле. М., Современник, 1998.

2 The new lexicon. Webster’s encyclopedic dictionary of the English language: Canadian edition. New York, Lexicon publication Inc., 1988.

3 Современный толковый словарь изд. «Большая Советская Энциклопедия»

4The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition

Internet resources:

1 Словообразование в английском языке http://engood.ru/wordform/slovoobrazovanie 2 Эпонимы в английском языке http://engood.ru/wordform/eponimy

APPENDIX 1

List of terms

• Anthroponyms - names of people

• Chrematonyms - examples of things, lifeless objects having proper names are known, as the Holy Grail or Big Ben. Such names are called chrematonyms

• Ergonyms- names of groups of people united by their educational, professional, ideological, confessional, etc. interests. Names suited to the occupations of their owners in this way are sometimes known as aptonyms

• Ideonyms -the names of spiritual and intellectual human creations, such as names of literary works, musical pieces, sculptures, paintings.

• Microtoponyms - names of streets, lanes, parks, buildings, monuments

• Ortoponyms- place names

• Theonym - names of beings connected with some religion or mythology

• Toponyms- geographical names

APPENDIX 2. A thematic English – Russian Vocabulary of eponyms

Clothes&Cloth (одежда и ткань) Food&Drinks (еда и напитки) Horse Racing (скачки) Human Qualities (человеческие качества) Eponyms in Science (эпонимы в науке) Things, objects (вещи, предметы) Mythology (мифология)

Слово Raglan French Mackintosh Balaclava Stetson Wellingtons Silhouette Pantaloons Caesar salad Sandwich Grog Bloody Mary praline Derby Jockey Casanova Hooligan Lovelace Sadistic Masochism Draconian Mesmerize Salmonella Ampere Diesel Archimedian principle Watt Parkinson disease Newton Fahrenheit Nicotine Daltonism Guillotine Jacuzzi Derrick (a lifting device) Ritzy Biro Kleenex Xerox Geiger counter saxophone whatman doily Morphine Erotic Tantalize Volcano Flora Fauna Venereal Panic Panacea Phaeton Olympian Museum Hygiene Cereal Echo Atlas Titanic Chaos Mentor

Перевод Реглан Френч Макинтош вязаный шлем ковбойская шляпа резиновые сапоги силуэт силуэт панталоны салат «Цезарь» сандвич, бутерброд грог "Кровавая Мэри" (водка с томатным соком) пралине дерби жокей Казанова хулиган ловелас садистский мазохизм драконовский, суровый, жестокий гипнотизировать сальмонелла ампер дизель закон Архимеда ватт болезнь Паркинсона Ньютон Фаренгейт никотин дальтонизм гильотина джакузи деррик (подъёмный кран) "Ритц" (лондонская фешенебельная гостиница на улице Пиккадилли [PiccadillyI]. Основана швейцарцем С.Ритцом [CésarRitz] в 1906 ; название её стало символом праздной роскоши) шариковая ручка (торговая марка) "клинекс", бумажный носовой платок (по названию фирмы-производителя) ксерокс, копировальный аппарат счётчик Гейгера саксофон ватман салфеточка морфин эротический подвергать танталовым мукам вулкан флора фауна венерический паника панацея фаэтон олимпийский музей гигиена зерновые, злаки эхо атлас титанический хаос воспитатель, ментор, наставник, руководитель

Appendix 3

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(7) ( 8)

(9) (10) 11

(12) (13)