Types of Pronouns

ENGLISH PRONOUNS

Indefinite, relative and reflexive pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

• After certain verbs (amuse, behave, blame, burn, cut, look at, introduce, dry, enjoy, hurt, etc.)

She has no reason to blame herself for what has happened.

• After expressions (absent oneself, avail oneself (of), pride oneself (on).

Audrey prides herself on her cooking.

• We don’t use reflexive pronouns after feel, (un)dress, wash, shave, relax (except wash and dress when we talk about small children):

In the morning he got up, washed and shaved.

I’m teaching my little daughter how to dress herself.

Reflexive Pronouns: Idioms

• Enjoy yourself! = Have a good time!
• Behave yourself! = Be good!
• I like being by myself! = I like being alone.
• She lives by herself! = She lives on her own.
• Help yourself! = You’re welcome to take smth. to eat.
• Make yourself at home! = Feel comfortable!
• Make yourself heard. = Speak loudly to be heard.

By + reflexive pronoun ( by myself )

On + possessive pronoun ( on my own )

I don’t like to go to the theatre on my own.

Fill in the appropriate personal or reflexive pronoun where it is necessary:

• She hates being in the house by __________. She is afraid to be alone.
• Susan is late. Has _____ called? It’s not like _______ to be late.
• Whenever they are playing, they are playing by ___________ never inviting anybody in their circle.
• Children, behave _____________!
• Robert gave ________ a great idea. He is so inventive, isn’t _________?
• Take a taxi. _____’s a long way there.

Fill in the appropriate personal or reflexive pronoun where it is necessary:

• She hates being in the house by herself . She is afraid to be alone.
• Susan is late. Has she called? It’s not like her to be late.
• Whenever they are playing, they are playing by themselves never inviting anybody in their circle.
• Children, behave yourself !
• Robert gave us/me a great idea. He is so inventive, isn’t he ?
• Take a taxi. It’ s a long way there.

Fill in the appropriate personal or reflexive pronoun where it is necessary:

7. To save the money we decorated the house _______________ .

8. Please, make _______________ heard. ________ is a bit too noisy here.

9. We were in the park on _____________ own.

10. Your cassette player sounds better than ______________.

11. The children were vaccinated to protect _____________ against the disease.

12. The president ______________opened the exhibition.

Fill in the appropriate personal or reflexive pronoun where it is necessary:

7. To save the money we decorated the house ourselves .

8. Please, make yourself heard. It is a bit too noisy here.

9. We were in the park on our own.

10. Your cassette player sounds better than mine/ours/his/hers/theirs .

11. The children were vaccinated to protect them against the disease.

12. The president himself opened the exhibition.

Relative Pronouns

is used with people

is used with things and animals

Who/That

That’s the boy who/that lives next door.

Which/That

Who/Whom/That

NB! That is not used after commas and prepositions

I saw a film which/that was directed by Polanski.

The boy who/whom/that he waved to is my son.

Which/That

Whose

The dog which/that you saw outside is my neighbour’s.

That’s the man whose wife was awarded a grant.

Whose/Of which

That’s the table the leg of which/whose leg is broken.

Complete the sentences with relative pronouns:

• Harry is the man _____ owns that wonderful dog.
• The car _____won the race looked very futuristic, didn’t it?
• The woman _____ lived here before we moved to New York.
• Have you seen the book _____ was on this table?
• The money _____ I left on the table seems to have disappeared.
• Carl is the one _____ desk is next to mine.

Complete the sentences with relative pronouns:

• Harry is the man who/that owns that wonderful dog.
• The car which/that won the race looked very futuristic, didn’t it?
• The woman who/that lived here before we moved to New York.
• Have you seen the book which/that was on this table?
• The money which/that I left on the table seems to have disappeared.
• Carl is the one whose desk is next to mine.

Complete the sentences with relative pronouns:

7. The restaurant _____ Bob recommended was expensive.

8. The speech to ______ we listened last night was informative.

9. I read about the child _____ life was saved by her pet dog.

10. A barrel is a large container _____ is made of wood and metal.

11. You need to talk to a person ______ you can trust. You will feel better if you do.

12. The man ______ we spoke to was very nice.

Complete the sentences with relative pronouns:

7. The restaurant which/that Bob recommended was expensive.

8. The speech to which we listened last night was informative.

9. I read about the child whose life was saved by her pet dog.

10. A barrel is a large container which/that is made of wood and metal.

11. You need to talk to a person who(m) you can trust. You will feel better if you do.

12. The man who(m) we spoke to was very nice.

Indefinite Pronouns some, any, no

• Some and its compounds in affirmative sentences:

+ I need some ice to add. + There’s something in my bag.

• Some and its compounds in interrogative sentences (offers and requests):

“ Would you like something to eat?” “Yes, please.” (offer)

• Any and its compounds in interrogative and negative sentences:

Is there any juice in the fridge ? Is there anyone at home ?

- There isn’t anybody at home.

• Any is used with negative words without, never, seldom, rarely, hardly , etc.

I can do this exercise without any help.

Indefinite Pronouns some, any, no

• Any in affirmative sentences in the meaning “ любой ”:

You can come any day you like.

In any weather – при любой погоде

• No and its compounds are used instead of not any in negative sentences :

+ He told me nothing. – He didn’t tell me anything.

I have no idea where he is. = I have n’t any idea where he is.

Everybody/everyone=all people

Everything=all things

Everywhere=in all places

2 None of my friends has/have travelled abroad. NB! (none of the money has )" width="640"

Both, either, neither

Both + verb in plural ( оба)

Both boys are students.

Either ( любой из двух) + noun in singular

Both … and …

Both Frank and Terry enjoy scuba diving.

You may go by either road.

Neither ( ни тот ни другой, из двух) + noun in singular

Neither boy likes spaghetti.

Either of

Either of the examples is/are correct.

Neither… nor…

Neither John nor Mary was/were at home.

Neither of

Neither of them is/are married.

Either…or…

You can take either a pen or a pencil.

None of 2

None of my friends has/have travelled abroad.

NB! (none of the money has )

Both, either, neither

NB! Compare:

+ I speak Italian. – My son also speaks Italian.

- My son speaks Italian too .

- So does my son.

- I don’t speak Italian. – My son doesn’t speak Italian either.

- Neither (Nor) does he.

Insert both, either, neither or none:

• It was a very good football match. …… of the teams played very well.
• We didn’t like the hotel. It was …..…. clean ……. comfortable.
• He lost …… his book and his glasses.
• You can have ……… of these books, but not both.
• …… .. of the people I met were English.
• Is it your car or your sister’s? - … . It’s my father’s.
• …… . of his opponents spoke at the meeting.

Insert both, either, neither or none:

• It was a very good football match. Both of the teams played very well.
• We didn’t like the hotel. It was neither clean nor comfortable.
• He lost both his book and his glasses.
• You can have either of these books, but not both.

• None of the people I met were English.

• Is it your car or your sister’s? - Neither . It’s my father’s.

• Both/Neither of his opponents spoke at the meeting.

Insert both, either, neither or none:

8. I think we are ……. a little bit overtired.

9. Have your parents got a car? – No, ……… of them can drive.

10. I don’t think cricket is an exciting game. - ……….. do I.

11. ……….. you keep quiet …… I’ll have to ask you to leave.

12. Which of these shirts would you prefer? - ………. will do.

13. Jane wasn’t happy with the results …………

14. ……… my wife and I like French cooking.

Insert both, either, neither or none:

8. I think we are both a little bit overtired.

9. Have your parents got a car? – No, neither of them can drive.

10. I don’t think cricket is an exciting game. – Neither/Nor do I.

11. Either you keep quiet or I’ll have to ask you to leave.

12. Which of these shirts would you prefer? – Either/Both/Neither will do.

13. Jane wasn’t happy with the results either .

14. Both my wife and I like French cooking.

All, each, every

All + countable and uncountable nouns + verb in plural

All the students have passed the exam.

Each + countable nouns in singular ( каждый в отдельности, из ограниченного круга лиц, предметов)

Each student in our group has a mobile.

Every + countable nouns in singular (все, каждый, всякий)

Every company has its partners.

Each of + verb in singular

Each of us was given a ticket for the concert.

Each=2 ( во многих случаях)

Every other day

Every now and then

Every possible measure

Almost every person in the room

Each or every:

• They believe ……. word he says.
• I asked …….. student in class, but none of them could answer my question.
• I see Jack almost ……. day.
• …… .. orange costs ten pence.
• I still see her …….. now and then.
• ……… of the children was given a piece of paper and a crayon.
• You’ll have to apply the ointment …….. other day.
• Nearly …….. house in the village was damaged during the recent storm.

Each or every:

• They believe every word he says.
• I asked each student in class, but none of them could answer my question.
• I see Jack almost every day.

• Each orange costs ten pence.

• I still see her every now and then.

• Each of the children was given a piece of paper and a crayon.

• You’ll have to apply the ointment every other day.
• Nearly every/each house in the village was damaged during the recent storm.