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«Написание развернутого высказывания с элементами рассуждения»
НАПИСАНИЕ РАЗВЕРНУТОГО ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЯ С ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ РАССУЖДЕНИЯ
Проверяемые умения:
- строить коммуникативное высказывание в контексте коммуникативной задачи и в заданном объеме;
- выражать собственное мнение, суждение по предложенной проблеме;
- аргументировать свою точку зрения;
- описывать события, факты, явления;
- делать выводы;
- последовательно и логично строить текст;
- использовать средства логической связи;
- стилистически корректно оформить текст;
- лексически, грамматически, орфографически и пунктуационно корректно оформить текст;
Когнитивные логические умения высокого уровня
требуется не только выразить и аргументировать свою точку зрения, но и подвергнуть сомнению истинность мнения оппонента, т.е. выстроить убедительную систему контраргументации
Метапредметные умения:
чётко формулировать собственное мнение по заявленной проблеме в виде исходного тезиса, истинность которого требуется доказать;
строить систему аргументации в поддержку собственного мнения (весомые аргументы + убедительные доводы);
отличать аргумент от контраргумента и строить систему контраргументации;
делать обобщение выбранной системы аргументации/ контраргументации разного уровня сложности (микровыводы + общие выводы)
Для подготовки к правильному выстраиванию системы аргументации/контраргументации необходимо:
ознакомить учащихся с основными понятиями , необходимыми для построения высказывания с выражением собственного мнения;
сформулировать правила построения системы аргументации/ контраргументации на примере высказываний с выражением собственного мнения;
обсудить различия между аргументацией и контраргументацией;
подкрепить теоретический материал наглядными примерами и проанализировать их с точки зрения принятых стратегий аргументации/ контраргументации;
Построение системы аргументации:
Some people prefer to eat out. However, many people still like to cook meals at home.
тезис
АВТОР
ОППОНЕНТ
Eating at home is better than eating out.
потому что (установление причинно-следственных связей)
Eating out is better than eating at home.
аргумент
доводы
There is nothing better than eating at home.(???) (+ Eating at home is wholesome and has a lot of advantages)
Home meals are healthier and you do not worry about the freshness of your products.
Meals from restaurant are not always tasty.
Making food at home you can spend less money.
Микровывод
Eating out is more practical.(+ regarding your comfort and career)
The 21th century is a time of development of science and technology, and a time when a career stands on the first place.
If you eat out, you do not waste time on cooking, it is fast and convenient.
______
Eating at home is healthier, tastier and cheaper.
_____
Eating out free your time from cooking and give you the possibility to concentrate on your career.
Тактика контраргументации
опровержение точки зрения оппонента:
- прямое отрицание
- тактика следствий
- доведение до абсурда
- тактика противоречий
способ дискредитации не аргументов, а доводов оппонента (что ставит под сомнение всю систему аргументации оппонента, и как следствие, доказывает ложность исходного тезиса)
There is saying in English that you are what you eat, meaning that your health depends on your diet.
оппонент
тезис
автор
If you eat well, you will be well.
аргумент
Food is how the body grows. (+)
доводы
1.There are very negative examples of people who have a very bad diet, eating only junk food, and consequently their health suffers.
2.The number of overweight people walking around demonstrates the problem.
контраргументы
1.If these people took some exercise, they could afford to eat badly from time to time.
2.All these strict diets never work because they only look at part of the problem. (???)
Undoubtedly, food is one of the most important things for your health. 1.Nobody knows that their health suffers because of junk food. They may have health problems for different reasons. 2. the number of overweight people can demonstrate a lot of different problems, not only the way of eating.
Система упражнений:
1. рецептивные задания:
Выбери из приведенных текстов аргумент, обосновывающий заданный тезис.
4. пошаговое выполнение тренировочных заданий (вступление; система аргументации/контраргументации и т.д.)
5. разбор типичных ошибок;
6. полное выполнение коммуникативного задания;
7. самокоррекция или взаимокоррекция выполненного задания с учетом критериев и дополнительных шкал оценивания
Рекомендации по написанию эссе:
- внимательно прочитать задание и план к заданию (или составить план самостоятельно на этапе подготовки); найти ключевые слова и поставить вопрос к теме; возможно, показать противоречивость предложенного высказывания;
- подумать, какие аргументы «за» и «против» можно привести по заданной теме; определить ту точку зрения, которую легче доказать и по которой есть веские аргументы (выбор позиции не влияет на оценивание);
- количество абзацев должно соответствовать количеству пунктов плана (5); вступление - основная часть (3 абзаца) – заключение;
- помнить, что введение и заключение должны быть приблизительно одинаковы по объёму
- помнить о том, что абзац – это тезис - аргументация - вывод (главное предложение с выражением основной идеи – предложения, детализирующие главную мысль – заключительное предложение);
- особое внимание уделить средствам логической связи
3. your opinion (why you don’t agree) + reason(s)_______________________________________
CONCLUSION : your opinion + summary (what has been proved)_______________________________________________________________________________
Средства логической связи:
Introduction
It is popularly believed that…
People often claim that…
There is no doubt that …
Many people are convinced that …
Personal opinion
Personally I believe that…
I feel strongly that…
I tend to think …
I’m in favor of …. for a number of reasons…
Arguments
To start with, …
Another point is that ….
Moreover, ….
In addition ….
Средства логической связи:
Opposing opinion
Nevertheless,….
Some people argue that….
Despite the fact that ….
It has become fashionable for some people to argue that …
Disagreement
Arguments
Contrary to what a lot of people believe, I think that …. As opposed to the above ideas… I believe that...
I can’t agree with it as…
As well as ….
Apart from this …..
besides, …
Conclusion
On the whole, …
All in all, I would like to state again …
Taking everything into account, ….
All things considered, ….
40. You have 60 minutes to do this task. Comment on the following statement.
Sewing and knitting clothes at home is a waste of time and money.
What is your opinion ? Do you agree with this statement? Write 200-250 words.
Use the following plan:
make an introduction (state the problem)
express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion
express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons
explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion
make a conclusion restating your position
Какое из выполненных вступлений написано верно?
1.Today the importance of money and our dependance on them are increasing rapidly, so the question about career is rather actual now. Indeed, some peopledon’t have enough qualification for working anywhere or just don’t want to do it, thus they spend time on such activities as sewing or knitting clothes. So, is it rational way for making money? Let’s observe it in details.
2. For the great majority of people the sewing and knitting clothes at home is a waste of time and money. Personally I not absolutely agree with it, because not every person can give his/her clothes to the cleaning professionals. So, let us consider some pros and cons of this problem.
3. Some people prefer to make clothes by own hands while others rather to buy it in shops. Let us consider which way is more advantageous?
Выражение собственного мнения + аргументы:
1. In my opinion, it is not true. I totally disagree with this point of view. Firstly, sewing or knitting clothes outside can even been more expensive than at home. It is not so popular things in Russia. Secondly, it is also a waste of time to get it outside! This option can not be available in your district. Finally, do not forget modern gadgets which make knitting and sewing more easy in our days.
2. From my point of view, sewing and knitting clothes still can be a good thing to do, despite the fact that today there are lots of shops selling fashionable shirts, dresses, blouses etc. First of all, you create something, that matches your personal style. We all know that sometimes it is hard to find something you really likeand that is why shopping takes up so much time. Moreover, as you sew and knit using only your imagination and creativity, there is a little chance that someone has the same outfit as you. Finally, it has recently turned out that sewing and knitting help to cope with stress.
Выражение собственного мнения + аргументы :
3. It is a well-known fact that we are living in the high –technology society. Today we have different equipment for cleaning , like a washing mashines and others. I should say, there is a commonly-heard statement about women’ duties: washing dish, for example. And there are a lot of families which are living still by such way. Sometimes as women so men get enjoy from doing housework because it is becoming more convenient and easy with appearance of new inventions.
4. In my opinion, sewing and knitting clothes are very useful and interesting activities. Firstly, a person who loves hand made can invents a design of thing using own imagination. So, such activities can develop a hidden person's talent. Secondly, it help to keep mind calm, it help to relax. Finally, there are a lot of people who earn money making clothes in such way. Thus, knitting and sewing clothes at home can be very profitable hobbies also.
Выражение противоположного мнения + аргументы:
1. Nevertheless, one should accept that some people prefer to buy clothes at shops. They think it is very difficult to learn knit or sew. So, they decide to make a purchases at shops getting some pleasure and fun. Besides, they claim it does not take a lot of time like knitting or sewing. It is easier to buy a finished thing for them than to try knit or sew.
2. Anyway, there are still a lot of human beings who belive that it is better to fix your clothes at home. They say that the owner knows better how to do it right. At the same time, sewer can spoil everything. Sometimes people say that it too expensive to give their clothes to the sewery.
3. On the other hand, some people are very busy at their works and they haven’t enough time and forses to do sewing and knitting. For such group of people there are special organisations where they can order cleaning of their clothes.
Объяснение несогласия с противоположной точкой зрения:
1. However, I disagree with them. Actually, such activity might be just a hobby, but not a business of your life, despite of all its profit.
2. I understand those people’s opinion, but I still disagree with them. Knitting or sewing need skills, and they often do not have it. It can do harm to their relatives and friends.
3. However, I cannot agree with this opinion completely because sewing nad knitting clothes are not worst things to hate them. It depends on people as they choose to wear or not.
4. However, I cannot agree with this opinion completely because there are moments when a person needs to repair some thing, for instance to sew a button. Moreover, if a person wants to knit a sweather or to sew a dress to make surprise for lovely people, it does not take a lot of money. Besides, clothes made by own hands will be the best surprise ever.
Какое из выполненных заключений написано верно?
1. In conclusion, I can say that nobody must to choose what a person wear at home. It is his choise. And it is a wast of time is his desire.
2. To sum up, I believe, that sewing and knitting at home is a great way to make up unique clothes. It is always exciting for me to create something new by myself.
3. There are a lot of thoughts about making clothes at home. Some people are for it, some people are against. It depends on you, whether you want to create something by yourself or do not want.
4. To sum up, knitting and sewing skills are very useful for everyday life. It make a person's life easier and at the same time cozier. People should try to learn and practice such skills which are very popular especially among women.