Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms

HOMONYMS. SYNONYMS.ANTONYMS .

PLAN

• DEFINITION OF HOMONYMS
• CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS
• DEFINITION OF SYNONYMS
• CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYNONYMS
• DEFINITION OF ANTONYMS
• CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANTONYMS

HOMONYMS

Homonyms are two or more words identical in sound form, spelling but different in meaning, distribution and in many cases in origin.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS

1. Homonyms proper- words identical in their sound form and spelling but different in meaning

ball -a round object used in games

ball - a gathering of people for dancing

2. Homophones –words with the same sound-form but different in spelling and meaning ( piece and peace )

3. Homographs –words different in sound form and meaning but identical in spelling ( lead- a chemical, lead – a piece of information which helps find out the truth)

SYNONYMS

Synonyms are words which belong to one part of speech, close in meaning and interchangeable at least in some contexts.

CLASSIFICATION BY PROF.VONOGRADOV

• Ideographic synonyms- words covering the same concept but differing in shades of meaning ( to walk- to stagger )
• Stylistic synonyms- words different in their stylistic characteristics ( father- daddy )
• Absolute synonyms – words which coincide in all shades of meaning and stylistic characteristics ( motherland –fatherland )

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF CONNOTATION

• Connotation of degree or intensity

to surprise-to astonish- to amaze- to astound

to like- to admire- to love-to adore-to worship

2. Connotation of duration

To shudder- to shiver

3. Emotive connotation

to stare-to glare- to gaze

4.Evaluative connotation

Well-known-famous-notorious-celebrated

5.Causative connotation

Eyes sparkle with positive emotions , glitter with negative

6.Connotation of manner

to stroll-to stride-to trot- to pace-to swagger- to stagger

7. Connotation of attendant circumstances

to peep- to peer

to peep ( through a hole, crack, opening,a lock etc)

to peer ( in darkness, through the fog )

8. Connotation of attendant features

Pretty-beautiful-handsome

9. Stylistic connotations

girlie ( colloquial),

lass, lassie ( dialectal),

bird, fluff, skirt ( slang)

Maiden ( poetic)

Damsel ( archaic)

TO LOOK

Synonyms

DENOTATION

To stare

CONNOTATIONS

To look steadily, lastingly

To glare

To gaze

In surprise, curiosity

To look steadily, lastingly

To glance

To look steadily, lastingly

In anger, rage

In tenderness, admiration

To look briefly, in passing

To peep

To look steadily, lastingly

To peer

By stealth, through a hole

To look steadily, lastingly

With difficulty or strain

SYNONYMIC DOMINANT

The word in the synonymic chain with the most generalized meaning is a synonymic dominant

ANTONYMS

Antonyms are words which are grouped together on the basis of the semantic relations of opposition

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

• Root antonyms ( good-bad)
• Derivational antonyms ( cheerful-cheerless)

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION

• Contradictories ( dead-alive, single-married)
• Contraries (gradables) ( hot- cold )
• I ncompatibles ( morning-afternoon)
• Conversives ( husband-wife, to sell- to buy)

The end