Открытый урок на тему:"Животные"

Открытый урок демонстрировался в школе.Дети были увлечены.

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«Открытый урок на тему:"Животные"»

*фПриложения 1:

God, mekyno, tac, ogrf, omuse,

owc, reba, ipg, rohse

Приложения 2:

Видовременные формы английского глагола в действительном залоге.

	Simple( Indefinite).			Progressive (Continuous).		Perfect .		Perfect Progressive.
	Констатация факта, последовательные, регулярные действия в настоящем времени.			Процесс.(в настоящем времени.)		Завершенность.		Процесс происходящий уже в течении некоторого времени в настоящем, иногда в прошедшем.
P R Е S E N T.	Usually, often, seldom, always, sometimes, every day(week, month), on Mondays, still, daily, never, regularly.			Now, at the present moment, at this moment, right now, still, at 5 o’clock, always, constantly, all the time.		Already, ever, never, YET, several times (often), rarely , always, recently(lately), Just, all day, since, for, this week, today, so far, up to now.		Since 2 o’clock, for 2 hours already, for a long time, all day, (since I came here).
	+	V1/V_{1+s (she/he)}; I often write letters He often writes letters.		+	to be(am, is, are)+(V_ing) I am writing a letter now. He is writing now.	+	have\has(she/he)+(V3, V ed). I have just written a letter. She has already been to London.	+	have/has+been+Ving. He has been writing a letter since 2 o’clock.
	-	don’t/doesn’t(she/he)+ V₁ I don’t write letters. He doesn’t write...		-	am not (aren’t/isn’t)+Ving. You aren’t written now. He isn’t writing now.	-	haven’t\hasn’t+V3, V ed I haven’t written a letter yet. He hasn’t written a letter yet.	-	haven’t/hasn’t+been+Ving He hasn’t been writing a letter all day.
	?	Do/does+ V₁? Do I often write letters? Does he often write letters? Who writes letters?		?	Am/is/are+S+Ving ? Are you writing now? Is he writing now? Who is written now?	?	Have\has+S+V3, V ed?. Has he already written a letter? Who has written a letter?	?	Have/has+S+been+Ving Has he been writing a letter since 2 o’clock. Who has been writing a letter all day.
	Пишу обычно, часто, редко, всегда, иногда, каждый день, по понедельникам, ежедневно, всё ещё, никогда, регулярно.			Пишу сейчас, в настоящий момент, прямо сейчас, всё ещё, в 5часов, всегда, постоянно, всё время (для выражения привычки.).		Написал уже, когда-нибудь, никогда, ещё не, несколько раз, редко, всегда, недавно, только что, весь день, с, в течение, на этой неделе, сегодня.		Пишу с 2 часов, в течение уже 2 часов, долго, весь день, с тех пор как я пришел.
P A S T.	Констатация факта, последовательные, регулярные действия в прошлом.			Процесс. (в прошедшем времени.)		Завершенность(к наст. моменту есть результат д-я.)		Процесс уже длящийся в течение некоторого периода времени в прошлом.
	Yesterday, last weak(year, summer), in 2002, two years ago, the other day, just now, used to + инфинитив.			At 5 o’clock, yesterday, when he came, still, while, just, as…as from…till.		By 8 o’clock yesterday(last Monday), before, after, by that moment, ever, already, hardly.		Yesterday for 2 hours, when he c?me, Since 2 o’clock yesterday.
	+	V₂; V_ed. I wrote a letter yesterday.		+	to be(was\were)+(Ving). I was writing when my mother came.	+	had+(V3, V ed). He had written a letter by that moment.	+	had+been+Ving He had been writing a letter since 2 o’clock yesterday
	-	didn’t + V_1. He didn’t write a letter last week.		-	wasn’t\weren’t +Ving He wasn’t still writing a letter.	-	hadn’t + V3, V ed. I hadn’t written a letter by 8o’clock yesterday.	-	hadn’t+been+Ving I hadn’t been writing a letter yesterday for 2 hours.
	?	Did +V₁ ? Did he write a letter last week? Who wrote a letter last week?		?	Was\were+S+Ving ? Was I writing when he came? Who was writing a letter when he come?	?	Had+ V3, V ed ? Had he written a letter before she came? Who had written a letter by 8 o’clock?	?	Had+been+Ving Had he been writing a letter yesterday for 2 hours? Who had been writing a letter yesterday for 2 hours?
	(На)писал вчера, на прошлой неделе, (в прошлом году, летом в 2002, два года назад, на днях, только что, раньше(когда- то,бывало)			Писалв 5 часов вчера, когда он пришел, всё еще, в то самое время, с…до, всегда, постоянно(для выражения привычки).		Написал(было написано) к 8 часам вчера(в прошлый понедельник), до того, после того как, к тому моменту, когда-нибудь, уже, едва.		Писал вчера в течение 2 часов, когда он пришел, с 2 часов вечера.
F U T U R E.	Констатация факта, последовательные, регулярные действия в будущем.			Процесс(в определенный момент) в будущем.		Завершенность.(до указанного момента в будущем.)		Процесс длящийся в течение некоторого времени в будущем.
	Tomorrow, next week, in a year(two days), the day after tomorrow, one of these days.			At 5 o’clock tomorrow, when you come, from…till, Still.		By that time tomorrow( the end of the year), when you come, before(after), at, by then.		Since 2 o’clock tomorrow(next week), when he comes, for 2 hours already.
	+		shall\will+V₁ I shall write a letter in two days.	+	shall/will+be+(Ving) I shall be writing a letter at 3 o’clock tomorrow	+	shall/will+have+(V3, V ed). He will have written a latter by 3 o’clock tomorrow.	+	shall/will+have+been+Ving He will have been writing a letter when she comes.
	-		shan’t\won’t+V₁. He won’t write a letter tomorrow.	-	shan’t/won’t+be+Ving I shan’t be writing a letter when he comes.	-	shan’t/won’t+have+ V3, V ed. He won’t have written a letter by the end of the day.	-	shan’t/won’t+have+been+Ving He won’t have been writing a letter when she comes.
	?		Shall\will+S+V₁? Will he write a letter tomorrow? Who will write a letter tomorrow?	?	Shall/will+S+be+Vin Shall I be writing a letter when he comes? Who will be writing a letter when he comes.	?	Shall/will+S+have+ V3, V ed ? Will he have written a letter by the end of the day? Who will have written a letter by the end of the day?	?	Shall/will+S+have+been+Ving? Will he have been writing a letter since 2o’clock tomorrow? Who will have been writing a letter when she comes.
	Напишу(будy писать) завтра, на следующей неделе, через год (два дня), послезавтра, на днях, скоро(soon).			Буду писатьв 5 часов завтра, когда ты придешь, в это время, с…до, всёещё.		Напишeт(будет написано) к тому времени завтра,(к концу года), когда ты придешь, до(после) того, в, к тому времени.		Будет писать с 2 часов завтра(на следующей неделе), когда он придет, в течение 2 часов.

ЛИЧНОЕ ПИСЬМО В ОГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Раздел «Письмо» в ОГЭ по английскому языку 2018 представлен только одним заданием — №33. В задании приводится отрывок из личного письма вашего друга, в котором он(а) рассказывает о каких-то событиях из своей жизни. Вам нужно написать ответ, соблюдая традиционные правила написания личных писем.

Хотим обратить ваше внимание на то, что в УЦ «Годограф» вы найдете квалифицированных репетиторов по подготовке к ОГЭ по английскому языку для учеников 9, 10 и 11 классов. Мы практикуем индивидуальные и коллективные занятия по 3-4 человека, предоставляем скидки на обучение. Наши ученики в среднем набирают на 30 баллов больше! С нашей помощью вы напишите достойное личное письмо на английском языке.

ПЛАН ПИСЬМА В ОГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Письмо в ОГЭ должно быть чётко структурировано и включать в себя следующие обязательные компоненты:

Адрес
Дата
Обращение
Благодарность за полученное письмо
Извинения за то, что не ответил раньше и причина этого.
Соединяющая фраза
Ответы на вопросы друга
Вежливое завершение письма и указание причины, почему заканчиваем писать письмо
Ссылка на будущие контакты
Завершающая фраза
Подпись (Имя)

Разберем эти компоненты письма в ОГЭ по английскому 2018 подробнее.

ОБРАЗЕЦ НАПИСАНИЯ АДРЕСА В ОГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

В правом верхнем углу указываем адрес (можно краткий)

Moscow

Russia

Если вы пишете полный адрес, не забудьте про принцип «от меньшего к большему», а именно:

номер дома, название улицы
город
страна

ОБРАЗЕЦ ДАТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Под адресом, пропустив строку, указываем дату письма в одном из форматов:

May 5th 2018
4 May 2018
04/05/17

Помните, что даты May 5th 2017 и 4 May 2017 содержат по 3 слова, в то время как 04/05/17 считается одним словом.

ШАБЛОН ОБРАЩЕНИЯ В ПИСЬМЕ ОГЭ

Оно состоит только из двух слов: Dear + имя друга (Dear Tоm,). После обращения нужно обязательно поставить запятую! Не поставите – потеряете балл.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ В ПИСЬМЕ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ОГЭ

Далее следует поблагодарить друга за его письмо:

Thanks (a lot) for your (last) letter.
I was glad to get your letter.
It was great to hear from you!

ПРИМЕРЫ ИЗВИНЕНИЯ В ПИСЬМЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Затем нужно извиниться за то, что не ответили раньше, и объяснить причину:

Sorry I haven’t answered earlier but I was really busy with my school.
Sorry I haven’t written earlier but…
Sorry I haven’t been in touch for so long for so long but…

Соединяющая фраза

Здесь можно упомянуть какой-либо факт из полученного письма (I’m glad you passed yourPhysics test!) или написать универсальную фразу: либо I’m glad you’re OK! (если у друга все хорошо), либо I miss you greatly! (если из письма друга мы узнаем, что он, например, сломал ногу и лежит в больнице).

ОТВЕТЫ НА ВОПРОСЫ В ПИСЬМЕ ОГЭ 2018

Здесь необходимо запомнить три момента:

а) сколько вопросов, столько ответов. Например, друг спросил: What extreme sports would you like to try, if any, and why? Значит, нужно не просто написать I’d like to try rafting, но и аргументировать: because it implies a well coordinated team work, good reaction and nerves of steel;

б) соблюдаем грамматическую структуру вопросов и ответов. Если друг спрашивает What wouldyou do if you were me?, надо, чтобы в ответе была конструкция If I were you, I would… (do thesame);

в) необязательно отвечать на вопросы в том порядке, в котором они задаются. Главное, чтобы они были логически связаны.

ВЕЖЛИВОЕ ЗАВЕРШЕНИЕ ПИСЬМА В ОГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ

Объясняем, почему мы заканчиваем письмо:

Well, I’d better go now as I have to do my homework
Anyway, I have to go now: my Mum asked me to help her with our dinner
Actually, I’ve got to go now! It’s time for my favourite TV show

ССЫЛКА НА БУДУЩИЕ КОНТАКТЫ В ПИСЬМЕ ОГЭ

Пишем, что будем рады вновь получить письмо от этого друга:

Write (back) soon!
Take care and keep in touch!
Сan’t wait to hear from you!

ОБРАЗЕЦ ЗАВЕРШАЮЩЕЙ ФРАЗЫ
В ПИСЬМЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

В конце письма на отдельной строке указывается завершающая фраза:

Love,
Lots of love,
Best wishes,

После неё всегда ставится запятая! Не поставите – потеряете балл.

ПОДПИСЬ В ПИСЬМЕ ОГЭ (ИМЯ)

На последней строке под завершающей фразой указываем свое имя без фамилии и точек! (Vlad, Ann)

ШАБЛОН ПИСЬМА В ОГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Moscow
Russia
21/05/17
Dear …,

Thanks a lot for your letter. Sorry I haven’t answered earlier but I was really busy with my school. I’m glad you’re OK!/ I miss you greatly!

In your letter you asked me about…. Well, …. (отвечаем на ВСЕ вопросы)

Actually, I’d better go now as I have to study for my exams / I’ve got my aerobic class. Take care and stay in touch!/Write back soon!

Love,
Vlad

ОБРАЗЕЦ ПИСЬМА В ОГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

You have received a letter from your English- speaking pen-friend who writes

..Last summer my parents and I went hiking to the mountains. We spent the whole week together and enjoyed it very much. How often do you take active holidays? Who do you think is the best company for you? What extreme sports would you like to try, if any, and why?

Last month our English class got an interesting project. We wrote a paper about interesting events in the past of our country …

Write a letter to Tom. In your letter answer his questions.

Write 100—120 words.

Moscow,Russia

10/05/17

Dear Tom,

Thanks for your letter. Sorry I haven’t answered earlier but I was busy with my school project. Hope you didn’t have accidents while hiking!

As for me, I don’t have much time on active holidays because I have a lot of homework. My family is more the stay-at-home sort, so I can’t spend the time with them somehow actively. My company is my friend and, you know, our trips are usually very jolly. I’d like to try rafting this spring, because it implies a well coordinated team work, good reaction and nerves of steel.

I’d better go now as my Dad wants me to help him with his car. Write soon!

Love,Ann

ПОЛЕЗНЫЕ СОВЕТЫ НАПИСАНИЯ ПИСЬМА
ОГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ 9 КЛАСС

Считайте слова.

Обязательно нужно уложиться в заданный объём: 100-120 слов – это золотая середина, но допускается отклонение на 10% в обе стороны, т.е. 90-132 слова. Если в письме ≤89 слов, то за задание ставится 0 баллов. Если ≥155 слов, то проверяются только первые 132 слова. Это значит, что из-за одного лишнего слова можно потерять несколько баллов! Помните, что 1 слово – это всё, что находится между двумя пробелами. Дефисы (-), апострофы (’) и слэши (/) не являются пробелами, поэтому слова из разряда that’s, twenty-two, open-minded, UK, TV и дата в формате 05/05/17 считаются за одно слово. Тренируйтесь писать письма ОГЭ в 9 классе на экзаменационных бланках – так вы научитесь на глазок определять количество слов и будете меньше тратить времени на их подсчёт.

Пишите в неофициальном стиле.

«Оживляйте» письмо сокращениями (I’m, can’t, I’d like), неформальными словами-связками (well, also, by the way, anyway, so, actually), разговорными выражениями (Guess what? Wish me luck!) и междометиями (Hurray! Yahoo! Ha—ha!).

Правильно рассчитайте время.

На выполнение этого задания выделите себе 30 минут: 15 минут на черновик, 10 минут на чистовик и 5 минут на подсчёт слов и проверку. Обязательно проверьте письмо перед сдачей!

Верьте в себя, и написать письмо в ОГЭ по английскому 2018 не составит труда. Желаем удачи!

Множественное число имен существительных, образуемое не по общим правилам.

Единственное число	Множественное число
Образование множественного числа путем изменения корневых гласных:
man – мужчина woman – женщина foot – нога tooth – зуб goose – гусь mouse – мышь	men – мужчины women – женщины feet – ноги teeth – зубы geese – гуси mice – мыши
Множественное число слов, заимствованных из латинского и греческого языков:
datum – данная величина phenomenon – феномен basis – базис crisis – кризис	data – данные величины phenomena – феномены bases – базисы crises – кризисы
Существительные, множественное число которых совпадает с единственным числом:
sheep – овца deer – олень crossroads – перекресток works – фабрика means – средство species – вид fish – рыба	sheep – овцы deer – олени crossroads – перекрестки works – фабрики means – средства species – виды fish – рыбы
Существительные, образующие множественное число другими способами:
child – ребенок person – человек ox – бык	children – дети people – люди oxen – быки

Английские местоимения в таблице

Таблица. Местоимения (Pronouns).
1. Личные (Personal Pronouns)	именительный падеж (Nominative Case)	объектный падеж (Objective Case)
	I - я you - ты, Вы he - он she - она it - он, она, оно we - мы you - вы they - они	mе - меня, мне you - тебя, тебе, Вас, Вам him - его, ему her - ее, ей it - его, ее, ему, ей us - нас, нам you - вас, вам them - их, им
2. Притяжательные (Possessive Pronouns)	I форма	II форма
	mу - мой (я, -е, -и) your - твой ( -я, -е, -и), Ваш (а, -е, -и) his - его her - ее its - его, ее our - наш (а, -е, -и) your - ваш (-а, -е, -и) their - их все эти местоимения также можно переводить словом свой	mine - мой (я, -е, -и) yours - твой (я, -е, -и), Ваш (а, -е, -и) his - его hers - ее its - его, ее ours - наш (-а, -е, -и) yours - ваш (-а, -е, -и) theirs - их
3. Возвратные и усилительные (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)	myself - (я) себя, сам (-a) yourself - (ты, Вы) себя, сам (-и) himself - (он) себя, сам herself - (она) себя, сама itself - (оно) себя, само ourselves - (мы) себя, сами yourselves - (вы) себя, сами themselves - (они) себя, сами
4. Взаимные (Reciprocal Pronouns)	each other - друг друга (двое) one another - один другого (много)
5. Указательные (Demonstrative Pronouns)	this (these) – ед. ч. и мн. ч. -этот, это, эта, (эти) that (those) – ед.ч. и мн. ч. - тот, то, та, (те) such - такой the same - тот же самый, такой же
6. Вопросительные (Interrogative Pronouns)	who (whom) - кто, (кого) whose - чей what - что, каков, какой, кто which - который, какой, кто, что
7. Относительные и соединительные (Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns)	who (whom) - кто (кого), который (которого) whose - чей, которого what - что, какой which - который, какой, кто, что that - который
8. Неопределенные (Indefinite Pronouns)	some - какой-то, некоторые, немного (утв. предл.) any - какой-нибудь, некоторые (в вопр. и отриц. предл.), любой one - некто, некий all - все, весь, вся, всё each - каждый every - всякий, каждый other - другой (-ие) another - другой both - оба many - много, многие much - много few - мало, немногие little - мало either - любой (из двух) nо - никакой, ни один, нет none - никто, ничто neither - ни тот, ни другой, никто, ничто

Английские существительные в таблице

Таблица. Существительные (Nouns).
I. По лексическому значению
1. Собственные (proper)	London, Jack Smith.
2. Нарицательные (common)	(a) the capital - столица, a (the) name - имя, a (the) book - книга (Определитель существительного - артикль: a (an), the)
	исчисляемые (count)	неисчисляемые (non-count)
	capitals - столицы, names - имена, books - книги	knowledge - знания, work - работа
II. По способу словообразования
1. Простые (simple)	a name - имя, a book - книга, work - работа
2. Производные (derivative)	суффиксы: -еr -or -аr -ness -ment -(a)tion -ty -hood -dom -ship	worker - рабочий director - директор scholar - ученый happiness - счастье improvement - улучшение examination - экзамен activity - деятельность childhood - детство freedom - свобода friendship - дружба
3. Составные (compound)	a school-fellow - школьный товарищ, a hothouse - теплица, an editor-in-chief - главный редактор
III. Грамматические формы
Род (Gender)	a girl-friend - подруга, a boy-friend - друг, an actor -актер, an actress - актриса
Число (Number)	единственное (singular)	множественное (plural)
	a worker - рабочий, a class - класс, a hero - герой, a wife - жена, a country - страна, a man - человек, мужчина, a woman ,женщина a child - ребенок	workers classes heroes wives countries men women children
	Заимствованные греческие и латинские слова
	a formula - формула, a datum - данная величина, a radius - радиус, a crisis - кризис, a criterion - критерий	formulae data radii crises criteria
Падеж (Case)	общий (common)	притяжательный (possessive)
	The boy reads a book. Мальчик читает книгу. The book of the boy was open. Книга мальчика была открыта. The books of the boys were open. Книги мальчиков были открыты. She showed the boy her pen. Она показала свою ручку мальчику. She showed her pen to the boy. Она показала свою ручку мальчику. We have seen the boy. Мы видели мальчика. It is written by the boy. Это написано мальчиком. They speak about the boy. Они говорят о мальчике.	The boy’s book was open. Мальчика книга была открыта. The boys’ books were open. Книги мальчиков были открыты. the sun’s rays солнечные лучи
Употребление
Подлежащее	The boy reads a book. - Мальчик читает книгу.
Часть сказуемого	The playing boy is my son. - Играющий мальчик - мой сын.
Дополнение	The boy reads a book. - Мальчик читает книгу.
Определение	The book of the boy (the boy’s book) was open. - Книга мальчика была открыта. An autumn day - осенний день Solid state physics - физика твердого тела
Обстоятельство	We met him in the street yesterday. - Мы встретили его на улице вчера.
Перевод: существительными, прилагательными

Английские прилагательные в таблице

Таблица. Прилагательные (Adjectives).
1. Простые (simple)	good - хороший, bad - плохой, long - длинный, large - большой, easy - легкий
2. Производные (derivative)	с суффиксами: -ful beautiful - красивый -less useless - бесполезный -able comfortable - удобный -ous famous - знаменитый -у lucky - удачливый, счастливый -ly lovely - прелестный, славный -ish reddish - красноватый -en golden - золотистый		с префиксами: un- untrue - ложный, неправильный in- insincere - неискренний im- impossible - невозможный ir- irrelevant - неуместный
3. Составные (compound)	snow-white - белоснежный, dark-blue - темно-синий
Степени сравнения
	положительная	сравнительная		превосходная
Односложные	long - длинный large - большой easy - легкий big - большой	longer - длиннее larger - больше easier - легче bigger - больше		the longest самый длинный the largest самый большой the easiest самый легкий the biggest самый большой
Многосложные	beautiful красивый impossible невозможный	more beautiful красивее more impossible невозможнее		the most beautiful самый красивый the most impossible самый невозможный
Исключения	good - хороший bad - плохой little - маленький many, much - многие far - далекий	better - лучше worse - хуже less - меньше more - больше farther, further - дальше		the best самый лучший the worst самый худший the least наименее, наименьшее the most наиболее, самый the farthest, furthest самый далекий
Сравнительные конструкции
than - чем	The result of the experiment is much better than that of the previous one. Результат эксперимента гораздо лучше, чем у предыдущего.
as … as - так … как	This result is as good as that one. Этот результат так же хорош, как тот.
not so … as - не так … как	This result is not so good as that one. Этот результат не так хорош, как тот.
the (more) … the (less) чем (больше) … тем (меньше)	The more we study the less we know. Чем больше мы учим, тем меньше мы знаем.
Употребление
1. Определение	They live in the new house. - Они живут в новом доме.
2. Часть сказуемого	My house is new. - Мой дом новый.
Перевод: числительными

Английские предлоги в таблице

Таблица. Предлоги (Prepositions).
1. Простые (simple)		of, for, in, at, on
2. Производные (derivative)		across, between, below
3. Составные (compound)		into, upon, out of, in front of
Предлоги, обозначающие отношения, выражаемые в русском языке падежными окончаниями
			of to, for by, with		The book of the boy was open. Книга мальчика была открыта. She showed her pen to the boy (him). Она показала свою ручку мальчику. This is for him. Это для него. The letter is written by the boy (him). Письмо написано мальчиком. Не is writing with the pencil. Он пишет карандашом.
Предлоги места (Prepositions of Place)
	on - на in - в at - у under (below, beneath) - под, ниже over - над near - около in front of - перед behind - за, позади across - через through - через, сквозь between - между among - среди				on the box - на ящике in the box - в ящике at the box - у ящика under the box - под ящиком over the box - над ящиком near the box - около ящика in front of the box - перед ящиком behind the box - позади ящика across the street - через улицу through the window - сквозь окно between two windows - между двумя окнами among the students - среди студентов
Предлоги направления (Prepositions of Direction)
	to - к, на, в towards - к, в направлении from - от, из into - в (внутрь) out of - из (изнутри) off - с, от				to the house - к дому towards the house - в сторону дома from the house - от дома into the house - в дом out of the house - из дома off the house - с дома
Предлоги времени (Prepositions of Time)
on - в in - в, через, за, в течение at - в by - к (ко времени) from … till - с … до since - с		on Saturday - в субботу on the first of May - первого мая in March - в марте in a month - через месяц at 7 o’clock - в семь часов by 3 o’clock - к трем часам from 3 till 5 o’clock - с трех до пяти часов since 5 o’clock - с пяти часов		for - в течение during - во время before - перед, до after - после till (until) - до between - между		for an hour - в течение часа during the lecture - во время лекции before the lecture - перед лекцией after the lecture - после лекции till June - до июня between one and two o’clock - между одним и 2 часами
Перевод: предлогами, падежными окончаниями

Степени сравнения наречий

Степени сравнения
	Положительная	Сравнительная	Превосходная
Односложные	fast - быстро late - поздно early - рано	faster - быстрее later - позднее earlier - раньше	fastest - быстрее всего latest - позднее всего earliest - раньше всего
Многосложные	slowly - медленно beautifully - красиво	more slowly - медленнее more beautifully - красивее	most slowly - медленнее всего most beautifully - красивее всего
Исключения	well - хорошо badly - плохо little - мало much - много far - далеко	better - лучше worse - хуже less - меньше more - больше farther, further - дальше	best - лучше всего worst - хуже всего least - меньше всего most - больше всего farthest, furthest - дальше всего

Структуры:

I wish I had….-мне бы хотелось иметь…

I wish I could….- мне бы хотелось уметь…

I wish I were…- мне бы хотелось быть…

У тебя будет время, чтобы ответить на вопросы диктора. На каждый вопрос необходимо ответить полно. На каждый ответ тебе отводится 40 секунд.

Тема № 1 “Daily Routine”

When do you get up at weekends?
What do you prefer to eat for breakfast?
How long does it take you in the morning to get to school?
What is your favourite part of the day?Why?
What do you do to help your parents about the house?
What do you recommend for teens who often late for school?

“Healthy lifestyle”

How many meals a day do you usually have?
What is your favourite food?
What do you usually have for lunch at school?
Do you prefer fast food or home-made food? Why?
Would you like to take part in a cookery TV show? WHY?
What would you recommend for teens who wants to keep fit?

“ Art school”

What kind of music do you usually listen to?
What musical instrument would you like to learn to play?
What clubs or societies can you attend at your school?
How often do you have school concerts or performances?
What would you prefer going to the theatre or watch film at home? Why?
What would you recommend for your friends who want to spend their free time more interesting?

“Education/school”

How many lessons do you usually have?
What subjects do you find the most difficult?
What is your favourite weekday? Why do you like it?
What sport facilities do you have at your school?
Do you think the school uniform is nessecery or not? Why do you think so?
What would you recommend your friends to do to improve English?

“Film industry”

How often do you go to the cinema?
What kinds of films do you like most?
Why do you think many people enjoy watching films at home?
What do you like to do in your free time?
How can films in English help students improve their language?
What film would you recommend your friends? Why?

“Reading”

What kinds of books do you like to read?
Who is your favourite writer?
How often do you borrow books from the library?
Why do you think teens are reading less and less now?
How can reading English books help teens improve their English?
What book would you recommend to read your friends who want to read for pleasure?

“Shopping”

Who usually does the shopping in your family?
What can you buy in the nearest shopping centre?
How often do you usually go shopping?
Why are shopping centers so popular nowdays?
Why do some people hate shopping?
What time would you recommend to busy people should go shopping?

“Free time”

How much free time do you have on weekends?
How do you and your friends usually spend free time?
Who do you prefer to spend free time with?
What after school activities do you take part in?
Do you think every day you should find time for doing sport? Why?
What hobby would you do if you had more time?

“travel club”

What is you favourite season?
Where do you usually spend you summer holidays?
What do you like to do during your winter holidays?
How often do you and your family travel?
What type of transport do you find the most convenient?
What place in your country would you recommend to visit foreign tourists?

“Eco-problems”

Where would you like to live in the big city or in the country?
What are the advantages for living in the country?
What is the main ecological problem in the place where you live?
Do you and your friends care about eco problems? Why?
Have you ever taken part in any eco project at school?
What would you recommend to the person who wants to improve ecological situation in your home town?

“School events”

How many classes do you usually have a day?
What sport facilities do you have at school?
What clubs can you attend at school?
What school events do you usually have during the school year?
Do you enjoy taking part in in school events? Why?
What would you recommend organize at school? Why?

“Sport”

How many lessons of PE do you have a week?
What sport facilities do you have at your school?
What sport do you do regulary?
What winter sports are popular with you and your friends?
Would you like to do any extreme sports? Why? Why not?
What would you recommend to teens who wants to be healthy and fit?

“Using mobiles”

How old are you?
When did you get your first mobile phone?
What do you usually use your mobile for?
How do you feel when you forget your mobile at home?
Do you think it is right that mobiles is aloud at some schools?
In what places would you recommend people to switch or turned out mobiles? Why?

“Using the Internet”

How old are you?
How much time do you spend on the Internet on the day?
What do you use the Internet for?
What do you do on IT lessons?
Why are computer skills useful for everyone?
What would you recommend to a person who spends too much time on the Internet?

“English language learning”

What is your favourite school subjects?
When did you start learning English?
What do you do in your English lessons?
Do you find learning English easy or difficult? Why?
What other foreign language would you like to learn? Why?
What would you recommend person do improve your English?

“TV channel”

What do you enjoy doing in your free time?
How often do you go to the cinema?
How much time do you usually watch TV?
What TV programmes are popular in your family?
Do you prefer TV or the Internet? Why?
What TV promgamme would you recommend your friend to watch?

“City/town/village”

How long have you been living in your city…?
What is your place famous for?
When was your village founded?
What season is the best for visiting your village? Why?
What is your favourite place in your village? Why do you like it?
What place in your hometown would you recommend visiting?

“Language school”

What foreign languages can you learn in your school?
How many English lessons a week do you have?
For what reasons do people learn foreign languages?
What is the most effective way to learn language in your opinion?
Do you think English will be useful in your future?why?
What language would you recommend your English-speaking pen friend? Why?

“Healthy centre”

What time do you usually go to bed in the evening?
How much time do you spend doing your homework?
What sport do you do regulary?
What do you do to help your parents about the house?
How do you spend your weekends?
What would you like to change in your daily routine?

“Your school”

What grade are you in?
How many classes a day you usually have?
WHAT SPORT FACILITIES ARE THERE IN YOUR SCHOOL?
What is your school uniform like?
What school events do you have during your school year?
What would you like to improve in your school?

“Doing sport”

How old are you?
How many times a week do you do sport?
What sport is the most popular in your region?
What sport facilities are available in the place where you live?
Why do you think it is important to keep fit?
What would you advice a person who wants to keep fit?

“Book shop”

How old were you when you learn to read?
What do you like to read about?
Who is your favourite writer?
What do you usually do in Literature lessons?
What do you like to do in your free time apart from reading?
What books do you prefer printed books or CD-books? Why?

“Fashion for teens”

What colour of clothes do you prefer wearing?
What clothes do you usually wear?
How often do you go shopping for clothes?
Who do you usually go shopping with?
Do you have to wear a school uniform? It so what is it like?
Does a career of fashion designer attracts you or not? Why?

“Pets/animals”

What is your favourite animal? Why?
What pets are the most popular in Russia in your view?
Is it right for people to keep exotic animals as a pet? Why?
What can people do to help homeless animals?
Why do children like visiting zoos?
Does a career as a vet attracts you? Why?

“Sports club”

How many PE lessons do you have at school?
What sport facilities do you have at school?
What do you do in the PE lessons?
What sport do you do regulary?
Do you think winter is a good season for doing sport? Why?
What would you recommend people who want to stay healthy?

“City/town/village”

Where is your hometown located?
What is your hometown famous for?
What is your favourite place in your town? Why do you like it?
What environmental problems do you have at home? If any?
Is it better to live in the country or in the city? Why?
What would you like to improve in your hometown?

“Daily routine”

How many days a week do you go to school?
When do you go to bed in the evening?
How do you spend your mornings?
What means of transport do you use to get to school?
What do you usually have for lunch?
What would you recommend to students who want to keep fit?

“School”

How many days a week do you go to school?
What subjects are you good at?
What sport facilities do you have at school?
Whay after school activities does your school offer?
What do you like most about your school?
What would you recommend students who want to improve your results?

“Homework”

How many lessons do you usually have?
What do you usually do after lessons?
How much time do you need to do your homework?
Who help you to do homework?
Do you use the Internet when you do your homework? What for?
What would you recommend for students who wants to spend less time on your homework?

“Eating Habits”

What is your favourite food?
What do you usually have for breakfast?
What do you have for lunch at weekdays?
Is it any food you don’t like?
What dishes can you cook?
What food would you recommend for teens who want to be healthy?

“mobile phones”

How old are you?
What do you use mobile for apart for talking?
Who do you usually send SMSs to?
How can you use mobiles to learn languages?
When do you usually switch off mobile?
Why are most teachers against using mobiles?

“Sport”

What do you do at PE lessons at school?
Do you do morning ex? Why?
What sport do you like playing?
What sports competitions do you enjoy watching?
Is it any sport you would like play professionally? Why?
What would you recommend to teens who want to stay fit and healthy?

“TV”

How many TC sets are there in your house?
Who watches most TV in your family?
How much time do you spend for watching TV?
What kind of TV programmes do you like?
Would you like to take part in a TV show? Why?
Does a career of TV star attracts you? Why?

“Mass Media”

Where do you prefer to get news from?
Who listens to the radio in your family?
What kind of TV program do you watch?
How often do you buy a newspaper or a magazine?
For what purpuser do you use the Internet?
Why in your opinion do most people prefer get info from the Internet?

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about travelling. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why most people like travelling

· whether it is easier to travel nowadays than centuries ago, and why

· what country or continent you would like to visit

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about your career choice. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what jobs, in your opinion, will be popular in the future, and why

· what sort of job you would like to do

· what school subjects will be important for your future job

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about your career choice. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what job and education opportunities young people have after finishing the 9th form

· what job you would like to do in the future, explain your choice

· what advice your parents have given you about your career choice

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about environmental problems. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why people worry about environmental problems nowadays

· what the most serious environmental problem in the place where you live is

· what young people can do to improve the ecological situation

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about films. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what kinds of films modern teenagers enjoy

· where you prefer watching films: on TV, on the Internet or in the cinema, and why

· what film you have seen recently, what it was about

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about learning English. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· whether it is necessary to speak English nowadays, and why

· what you do to improve your English

· what other languages you would like to learn

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about the Internet. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what people use the Internet for

· what educational opportunities the Internet offers to students

· whether the Internet can be harmful for users, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about keeping fit. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why a healthy lifestyle is more popular nowadays

· what you do to keep fit

· what sports activities are popular with teenagers in your region

You have to talk continuously.

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about your school. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what you like most about your school

· what weekday you find the most difficult, and why

· what you would like to change in your school life

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about the place where you live. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes
(10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what your city, town or village is famous for

· what your favourite place in your city, town or village is, and why you like it

· whether you are going to stay in your city, town or village after leaving school or move to another place, and why

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about foreign languages. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why lots of people learn foreign languages nowadays

· why you have chosen to do the English exam this year

· what you did to prepare for your English exam

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about pets. You will have to start in
1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why people keep pets

· what pets are most popular in big cities

· whether having pets is a big responsibility, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about the Internet. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why today’s teenagers use the Internet so much

· how the Internet makes long-distance communication easier

· what dangers teenagers can face when they use the Internet

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about holidays. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what holidays are most popular in your country

· what your favourite holiday is and how you celebrate it

· if you prefer to give presents or to get presents, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about the Internet. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why using the Internet is so popular

· how the Internet can help students in their studies

· whether the Internet can be dangerous, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about travelling. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why most people like travelling

· which season is the best for travelling in your opinion

· what means of transport is the best, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about your career plans. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what job you want to do in the future

· what two subjects you think are the most important for your future job, and why

· whether your family approve of your career choice or not

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about your school. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what your typical school day is like

· what your favourite subject is, and why

· what you like most about your school

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about books. You will have to start in
1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

whether reading is still popular with teenagers, and why, or why not
what kind of books you like reading
why many people prefer e-books to paper books

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about your school homework. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes
(10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

how long it takes you to do your homework
what subject you usually start with, and why
whether schoolchildren should be given more or less homework, and why

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about travelling. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

why most people enjoy travelling
what people like doing while travelling
what place you would like to go to, and why

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about TV. You will have to start in
1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· whether watching TV is still a popular pastime with teenagers, and why, or why not

· how many hours a week you watch TV

· what you dislike most about TV

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about your free time. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

whether you have a lot of free time, and why, or why not
what you enjoy doing in your free time
what your Sunday afternoons are like

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about weather and seasons. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes
(10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

which of the four seasons you like most, and why
how the Earth’s climate has changed recently
whether you trust the weather forecast, and why

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about public holidays in Russia. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes
(10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what public holidays are celebrated in Russia

what your favourite public holiday is, and why you like it
how your favourite public holiday is celebrated in your city, town or village

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about photography. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

why people like taking pictures
why taking photos is more popular today than it was in the past
what the best photo you have ever taken is

Task 3. You will give a talk about school uniform. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

whether it is important to wear uniform at school, and why
what clothes you wear to school
what you like most about your school

ask 3. You will give a talk about travelling. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

why people like travelling
what means of transport is the best for travelling, in your view
what places in Russia you would like to visit

Task 3. You will give a talk about foreign languages. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

why a lot of young people learn foreign languages
how people can improve their language skills
what foreign languages you would like to learn and why

ask 3. You will give a talk about television. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· why people spend time watching TV

· what most teenagers prefer: watching TV or browsing the Internet, and why

· whether there is a TV programme you really like

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about school life. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what your weekday is like
what you like about your school most of all
whether you prefer classroom learning or online learning, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about the seasons and weather. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes
(10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what season is the best time in the region where you live
whether you agree with the proverb "There is no bad weather, there are only bad clothes"
what you usually do when it is nasty and cold

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about animals. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what wild animals live in your region
why people build zoos in the cities and towns
whether it is a good idea to keep a wild animal as a pet, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about books. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what kind of books modern teenagers enjoy reading
whether libraries are necessary nowadays or not, and why
what book you have read recently, and what it was about

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about your best friend. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what people need friends for
how long you and your friend have known each other
what you enjoy doing together

ask 3. You are going to give a talk about your school holidays. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

when you have school holidays
what school holidays you would make longer, and why
what you enjoy doing during your school holidays

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about your school. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what you like about your school most of all
how many lessons you usually have
what school subjects you have chosen for your exams, and why

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about travelling. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

why modern people travel so much
what tourists usually do while travelling
what places in your region you recommend tourists should visit

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about school. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

· what your typical school day is like

· what subjects at school you find most useful for your future, and why

· what you are going to do when you leave school

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about sports. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

why a lot of young people do sports nowadays
what sports clubs and teams there are in your school
what you do to keep fit

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about healthy lifestyle. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

why doing sport is very important for modern teenagers
what else besides sport young people do to keep fit and healthy
what you enjoy doing in your free time

Обязательно начало: I want to give a talk about….

Нужно использовать слова : and, besides, I think,

В конце монолога: That is all.

Task 1. You are going to read the text aloud. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, and then be ready to read it aloud. Remember that you will not have more than 2 minutes for reading aloud.

Recycling is a technology that helps protect the environment and cut down on usage of raw materials. The steel, paper and glass industries recycle a lot. The largest recycler is the steel industry. It recovers more than 70 per cent of its original materials. For example, since 1988 they have produced the majority of new metal cans from old ones. Metal parts for cars and planes are other examples of recycling steel. Fragments of waste glass are widely used in construction. For producing writing paper and pens, used packing boxes are an ideal material. They are cheap and easy to recycle. Nowadays more and more recycling centres are appearing in our towns and cities.

ask 1. You are going to read the text aloud. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, and then be ready to read it aloud. Remember that you will not have more than 2 minutes for reading aloud.

Nowadays solar energy is widely used as an alternative form of power. Solar panels transform the energy from the sun into electricity. The first plane that does not need fuel was constructed in France in 2015. It uses only the sun's energy. The panels are placed on the huge wings of the plane. It doesn’t fly very fast. Solar energy can make the plane move at only 140 miles an hour. However, the plane is able to travel round the world. It is safe and can successfully cross areas of bad weather. In the future, engineers hope to construct a model that people can fly in. Our dream of environmentally friendly transport may come true very soon. Would you like to take a flight on the solar plane?

We are always told that we should clean our teeth regularly to keep them healthy and to have fresh breath. It is believed that people started using a kind of paste to clean their teeth around 5000 years ago. However, the ingredients of these tooth powders were very different from ours. For example, the people of ancient Egypt used salt, mint, dried flowers and pepper to create tooth powder. Later, in the 18th century, in some countries in Europe, people brushed their teeth with burnt bread. The first toothpaste appeared in 1890, in Great Britain. At first it was sold in jars. Then special tubes were designed to make the toothpaste more comfortable to use.

Do you know why it is hot in the summer and cold in the winter? Most people believe that it is because the Earth is closer to the Sun in the summer and farther from it in the winter. But it is not like this at all! In fact, the distance between the Earth and the Sun is largest in July and smallest in January! Scientists suggest that the reason for different summer and winter temperatures is the angle of the Sun’s rays. In the summer, the rays reach the Earth almost at a right angle. Due to this, the rays are not spread out and a smaller area of the planet's surface gets the energy. In the winter, the angle changes and the Sun’s rays are spread out over a larger area. Besides this, the long nights and short days do not give enough time for the land to warm up.

A robot is a machine that does work for people. The word ‘robot’ appeared in the 1920s and it was first used in a science fiction story. In real life, the robot was invented later, in 1954. There are different kinds of robots which are used in different industries. Most of them are operated with the help of a computer program. Instead of humans, robots do hard and boring work in unpleasant or dangerous environments. They usually work faster and more accurately than people. They never get tired and do not make mistakes. Nowadays robots are often used for domestic needs – to clean houses or to look after sick and elderly people. Scientists say that soon robots will become a normal part of our life, like mobiles and computers today.

Nowadays people can’t imagine their kitchen without a refrigerator. The first refrigerators appeared at the end of the 18th century. They looked different: they were just iceboxes. The refrigerators of the past were just wooden boxes, sometimes lined inside with metal. People put ice into the box and then placed the food inside to keep it cool. The refrigerator, similar to the one that we have now, was produced by General Electric in 1911, in France. It was very expensive. In those days, with the same money you could buy two cars. Today, in developed countries almost every family has enough money to buy a refrigerator for their kitchen. It’s hard to imagine how difficult and uncomfortable our lives would be without a refrigerator.

Without the energy from the Sun, the Earth would have no life at all. Nowadays everyone knows that the Sun is a star. Like all stars, the Sun is a great burning ball of gases. To us, it seems large and red. The other stars look white or light blue because they are much farther from us than the Sun. In the past, many people believed that the Earth was the centre of the universe. They thought that the Sun and the stars went round it. Only in 1543, a great Polish scientist published a book in which he tried to prove a different point of view. According to him, the Earth and the other planets moved round the Sun. Those people who supported the scientist were often imprisoned and even killed.

The carrot is a root vegetable which consists mostly of water and sugar. The carrots that we eat today originated from the wild ones which grew in Europe and Asia. The vegetable tasted sweet and the people began to use it as food.

There are two main types of carrots. There are eastern carrots that have dark purple roots and western carrots with orange roots. In fact, orange carrots first appeared in Europe in 1721. Dutch farmers selected orange carrots because orange is the colour of the Dutch Royal Family. Now orange carrots are widely grown all over the world. In modern households carrots are cooked and eaten in different ways. The vegetable is boiled, fried, baked and eaten raw. People also make juice from it.

Since 2007 high-speed trains have become a common type of transport in Europe. They make it possible to cut travel times by hours. The trains travel at 350 kilometres an hour, and this is not the limit! The only problem for the engineers is the loud noise the trains produce. People living in the areas the trains travel through suffer from the noise greatly. For the passengers, the situation is different. For their comfort, all the carriages are made sound-proof from the inside. Travelling on high-speed trains is comfortable and pleasant. In the future, a high-speed railroad network could cover most of Europe. For example, a trip from Paris to Rome could take only 3 hours!

Venus is one of the hottest planets in the Solar system. The temperature on its surface is 482 degrees. This unfriendly place looks much the same as the Earth 4 billion years ago. Both planets were formed from the same gas cloud, but Venus lost most of its water and atmosphere. This happened because the planet turns very slowly. As a result, now it has no magnetic field to protect it from the Sun's winds. The planet has turned into a lifeless desert. Most space modules that were sent to Venus, could not work on the planet more than two hours. The acidic clouds and high pressure quickly made them absolutely useless.

Studies of the atmosphere first received technical support in 1912. Equipment to measure temperature and pressure was invented in Germany. But the question was how to raise it high into the air. In 1921, Russian engineers suggested using planes. The special equipment was put on planes that made regular flights. Thanks to this, scientists got a lot of new information about the structure of the atmosphere. Nowadays scientists use modern flying laboratories to study the structure of clouds at different levels. Unlike the first planes, these laboratories can work in any weather and are able to predict climate changes.

Wombats are exotic animals that only live in Australia. They have become an unofficial symbol of the country. In 1974 a wombat appeared on an Australian stamp for the first time. Since then it has been regularly used on different Australian stamps and coins. Wombats look like little bears and prefer grass to meat. They also love eating berries, plant roots and mushrooms. Like camels, wombats drink little water because there is enough water in fresh grass. Wombats spend most of their life in holes under the ground. With their strong arms and long nails they are able to dig very long and complex tunnels. Fortunately, wombats have few enemies in the animal world. Most wombats live around 15 years.

The word ‘tsunami’ can be translated from Japanese as ‘big wave’. It describes a natural process that can be dangerous for people and their homes. Most of the huge waves appear after earthquakes. Most waves are born in the Indian and the Pacific Oceans where volcanoes are active. The mass of water rises from the bottom of the ocean and moves to the shore. It moves at a speed of a plane and can be up to 40 meters high. The wave is very powerful and dangerous. In 2004, a tsunami happened in the Indian Ocean. It was one of most terrible natural disasters in history. It hit 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. Thousands of people were killed or went missing.

Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales. It is located in a national park. It stands at 1085 metres above sea level, and it is often described as the busiest mountain in Great Britain. Snowdon is very popular with tourists. If you are strong and brave enough to get to the top, you can enjoy wonderful views from there. On a clear day, you can see as far as Ireland! During the summer months there is a café at the top. There, tourists can get a welcome cup of tea, or soup if the weather is cold. If you feel too tired to walk back, you can always take the train down the mountain. The mountain railway was built in 1896. It is safe, and there have never been any accidents on this route.

Most people enjoy watching the night sky. And the brightest object in the sky is the Moon. Every night the Moon rises in the East and sets in the West. It takes about 27 days to go around the Earth, and it’s an interesting fact that we always see the same side of the Moon. The Moon is the closest object to the Earth. It would take us only 13 hours to get to the Moon by rocket. If we were able to travel at the speed of light, it would take a bit less than two seconds.

There is a very thin atmosphere on the Moon. Life is not possible there. In spite of this, the Moon can be used as a base for space exploration and even for space tourism. Some space companies say that they will be able to take tourists to the Moon as soon as in 2020.

People have always wanted to discover new things and new worlds. We have built spaceships to go to other planets and are planning to visit other galaxies one day. Meanwhile, we know very little about our own planet. The oceans, which cover 70 percent of the planet, are an unknown world to us. The Pacific Ocean is the largest one. The lowest point on the Earth is also there. It is called Challenger Deep and it was discovered in 1875. The Pacific Ocean stretches from the Arctic Ocean to the coast of Antarctica, but most of its water is in the warm tropics, which makes it warm. A lot of fish and animals live in the Pacific Ocean. The place is still waiting for researchers to discover its secrets for us.

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean of the world. It covers the northern polar region of the Earth. The Arctic region is a very cold place. The lowest recorded temperature there is minus 68 degrees. In spite of the cold, a lot of animals live on the Arctic ice. The polar bear is one of them. Now, due to global warming, the polar bear is in a serious trouble. The thing is that polar bears hunt seals and they need ice to do this. The bears wait for seals on the ice, hunt them in the water and go back to the shore. If the ice is too thin, it breaks under the bears’ heavy bodies and they may drown. The situation is getting worse and some researchers say the ocean may become ice-free as soon as 2050.

In 1642 a French student invented the first mechanical calculator. He was only 18 and the counting machine was a present for his father. The father worked as a tax collector and the young man wanted to make his job easier.

The talented inventor made several machines, but nobody was interested. The young man was ahead of his time. Many years passed before people realized how useful these machines could be and started mass producing them.

Today most mechanical calculators have been replaced with electronic models. These small devices can perform a lot of mathematical operations. You just need to enter the numbers by pressing the keys and you’ll see the final result on the screen in no time.

One day a young man who lived near the lake in a small American town asked himself, “Why can’t people ski on water if they can ski on snow?” With his brother’s help he constructed several models of skis to test his ideas. He experimented on the local lake for a few days and created skis suitable for the water. This happened in 1922. The young man, who was only 18 at that time, didn’t patent his invention. However, he performed a lot of shows across the country that made him and the sport of water skiing popular. Later, he was recognized as the creator of a new sport – water skiing.

Water skiing equipment has been greatly improved since that time, and the number of people who enjoy this sport is growing in many countries.

The ninth planet of the solar system was discovered not long ago. It happened in 1930. Scientists had been hunting for the planet for a long time. They had calculated its probable position, but there was no proof that the planet really existed. It was too far away for the telescopes of that time to find it. It’s worth mentioning that the first photos of the planet were taken by a very young researcher. He was only twenty-four and had no formal education in astronomy. However he was deeply involved in the search for the ninth planet. The planet at the edge of the solar system was called Pluto, after the Roman god. The name for the planet was suggested by an 11-year-old British girl.

The first vacuum cleaner was designed in 1869. Since then, vacuum cleaners have changed a lot. Nowadays the robot vacuum cleaner is getting more and more popular. This device cleans a house automatically. Following a programme, the robot drives slowly around the house and makes it cleaner. It operates with brushes and a tube. The robot is so flexible that it can get under a table or sofa or reach dust in corners. Some advanced models can also wash floors of all kinds. These functions are provided by a complicated electronic system and sensors inside. The vacuum cleaner looks like a plate and can be kept in the corner. It is friendly to children and animals and works on electricity.

Task 1. You are going to read the text aloud. You have 01.5 minutes to read the text silently, and then be ready to read it aloud. Remember that you will not have more than 2 minutes for reading aloud.

It's hard to find a more popular Russian symbol than the traditional Russian doll, or Matryoshka. It is well-known all over the world. The first set of dolls appeared in Moscow in 1890. It consisted of eight dolls. All of them were children: seven girls, one boy, and a baby. In those times, Matryoshkas were not meant as toys for children as their price was very high. Mostly, adults bought them as presents or home decorations. There was a belief that if you put a note with a wish into Matryoshka, it would come true. At the beginning of the 20^th century, Russia started to export their national dolls abroad.

Global warming is a result of human activity. In 1985 there was a big conference in Austria where 89 climate researchers from different countries took part. After long discussions the scientists declared that the climate of the planet had changed. Indeed, it is warmer now than it was years ago. It can be clearly seen in the north. In the Arctic some places are ice-free now and polar bears have lost the place where they lived. The sea level has risen as well. The situation is getting more and more serious. Global warming is a great problem which needs to be solved in the near future.

English is the third most-spoken language in the world after Chinese and Spanish. Over 840 million people speak English as a first or second language. It is an official language of 67 countries. 80 percent of information stored on all computers in the world is in English. The vocabulary of the English language is the biggest in the world. A new word is added into English almost every two hours. The English language is said to be one of the happiest languages in the world. The word happy is used more often than the word sad! That's a good reason to learn this language, isn’t it?

ask 1. You are going to read the text aloud. You have 01.5 minutes to read the text silently, and then be ready to read it aloud. Remember that you will not have more than 2 minutes for reading aloud.

The human brain is the most complex and remarkable organ of the body. It controls everything we do – thinking, learning, and even heart rate. Though the brain makes up only 2 percent of the body's weight, it uses around 20 percent of its energy. It works 24 hours a day. Even when a person is sleeping, the brain is working hard to keep other organs functioning. Most people think that our brain is more active during the daytime because it needs to deal with a great amount of information. In fact, that’s not true. The brain is far more active when a person is sleeping! However, scientists don’t yet have any explanation for this fact.

We don’t realize how lucky we are to have clean water whenever we want. A lot of people around the world do not have such an opportunity. Did you know that more than 750 million people on the Earth do not have clean water to drink? Meanwhile, a lot of water is wasted and polluted. In 1993 the United Nations decided to celebrate the World Day for Water. Nowadays a lot of special events are organized in different countries. Their aim is to make people understand how important clean water is for their health, environment and agriculture. Water is essential for our life. We should think about saving it, as the fresh water supplies are limited. We need to keep it clean for ourselves and for future generations.

Earth Hour is an event that encourages people around the world to switch off electricity at the same time for one hour. Of course, switching off the lights for an hour makes a small difference to the amount of energy we use. But the aim of the event is not to save energy but to get people to think about the planet they live on. Earth Hour started in Australia in 2007. More and more countries join the ecological movement every year. Now, millions of people from 178 countries switch off their lights for 60 minutes at the end of March. People in Russia participate in this event too – large office buildings and small private houses go dark for Earth Hour.

Our planet is the only planet in the Solar System where rainbows are possible. They are not visible in big cities, due to pollution and smog. But if you are travelling after rain has fallen in the countryside or walking on the beach, you have a good chance to see a rainbow. The rainbow is a multi-coloured arc which appears in the sky. When you see a rainbow, the sun is always behind you and it is raining in front of you. It is impossible to get to the end of the rainbow and to touch it. When you move, the rainbow moves too. We have always learned that rainbows have 7 colours. However, until the 17th century, people used to think there were only 5 colours in the rainbow.

Though most people believe that the tomato is a vegetable, this plant is actually a fruit. Tomato is a fruit because it has seeds inside like apples, oranges, lemons, and all other types of fruit. The tomato comes from Central and South America. When tomatoes were brought to England in the 17^th century, people thought that they were poisonous and refused to eat them. Only in 1820, Robert Johnson proved that tomatoes were absolutely safe and would not affect people’s health. He ate a basket of tomatoes in public. Nowadays, the tomato is widely used in all types of food. There are many different kinds of tomatoes – over 7,500! They differ in size, shape, colour and taste.

The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel which links Great Britain and France. It is considered to be one of the most amazing engineering constructions in Europe. The second longest undersea tunnel in the world was opened in 1994. It is said that 13,000 workers and engineers participated in the construction project. The Channel Tunnel contains three tunnels. The south tunnel is for people who are travelling from France to the UK, the north tunnel takes passengers from the UK to France. Nowadays it takes 35 minutes to go from Paris to London in the Channel Tunnel. The third tunnel is a service tunnel. It is not used by passengers.

The construction of the longest and the deepest railroad tunnel was finished in Europe. The tunnel runs through the Alps and links the north and south of Europe. The length of the tunnel is 57 kilometres. It runs straight from beginning to end. It will allow passenger trains to travel more quickly through the mountains. Modern technologies ensure safety and security when the trains go through the tunnel. The great project started in 2009 and it took 17 years to complete. It is considered to be one of the most amazing engineering constructions in Europe.

Bicycles or bikes are an important means of transportation in many parts of the world. The first bicycles turned up in Europe in the first half of the19^th century but the word ‘bicycle’ only appeared later, in 1868. There are more bicycles in the world than cars. About 100 million bicycles are produced worldwide each year. A lot of people have realized that cycling is an easy way to get around and a great way to cut down on pollution. More and more cities have special places where people can borrow a bike and ride around the city. Over the past few years, a bicycle infrastructure has been created in Moscow. Cycling in the centre of Moscow in summer is one of the most pleasant and quickest ways of seeing the city.

Great Britain is home to the world’s oldest school. The King’s School was established in 1567 and it is still open. It has a long history. Many famous people have been educated at this old school. Nowadays The King’s School is an independent secondary school for boys and girls from 13 to 18. More than 800 pupils study at the school. Though The King’s School is located in old buildings, it has up-to-date technical equipment and provides a full modern education. The King’s School is also famous for its festival of music, drama and arts. It is held during the last week of the summer term and attracts a lot of people from different parts of the country.

Human activity creates waste. The problem isn’t new and space is no exception to the rule. Dead satellites, rocket stages and other things are littering our planet’s orbit. They are getting dangerously close to space stations and there is a great possibility of an accident. Space stations could be completely destroyed by the rubbish. In 1983, a tiny piece of paint from a satellite made a big hole in the side window of a spaceship. There is a great need to “clean up” space and to take away 3,000 tons of space rubbish. To solve the problem, scientists and engineers are designing special spaceships that will collect and recycle space rubbish.

The mobile phone has become an important part of our everyday life. We can’t imagine our lives without it now. Thanks to the mobile phone we can keep in contact with our relatives and friends at any time. We use them to text and to send emails, to share photos and videos. We can use the Internet and listen to music and do lots of other things. However, according to surveys, mobile phone users mostly spend their time on games and social networking. Around 80 percent of the world’s population has a mobile phone. The mobile phone industry is the fastest growing industry in the world. From 1983 to 2016, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to over 7 billion.

Netball is played by over 20 million people in more than 70 countries of the world. It was invented in 1892 as women’s basketball. However, netball is different from basketball in many ways. For example, the ball and the basket are smaller and the court is bigger. The players cannot run with the ball. They are not allowed to touch the players who they are playing with. Netball has seven players in each team (not five as in basketball). During the 20^th century, the game became very popular in English-speaking countries. Traditionally, only girls and women have played netball. Nowadays, netball is the number one women’s sport in the world but boys and men are starting to play it too.

Table tennis is the third most played sport in the world after football and cricket. It is considered to be an indoor version of Lawn Tennis. However, they have a lot of differences. Table tennis has a different scoring system, a smaller ball, smaller rackets, and a smaller playing area. Modern table tennis was invented at the end of the 19^th century in England. Very soon the new sport became popular all over the world. In 1901, competitions with over 300 participants were already being held. According to numerous studies, table tennis has great effects on human health. It keeps the brain sharp and improves the player’s coordination. Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport.

A zoo, also known as a zoological park or a zoological garden, gives people the opportunity to watch animals from different continents. There are hundreds of zoos all over the world. However, most of them are located in major cities. The first zoo in Russia was opened in 1864, in Moscow. It was a small zoological garden. On the opening day, only 287 animals were on display. Nowadays, the Moscow Zoo is one of the largest in Europe. The unique collection of the Zoo includes over 8000 kinds of animals and birds. Scientists study the animals’ behavior and reproduction. They also breed rare animals there to stop them dying out.

Oxford University is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. It is also the second oldest university in the world. The University of Oxford is believed to have started in 1133. It is located in Oxford City on the Thames River, not far from London. Oxford University is one of the world’s most impressive centres of education. There are students from different countries there. In fact, there is no building in Oxford called Oxford University. The University includes 38 colleges and related buildings. Over 22,000 students study English language and literature, geography, history, law, modern languages and other subjects there.

The rainforest can be described as a thick and very tall jungle. The term rain comes from the great quantity of water that these forests get throughout the year. The rainforests are the world's greatest natural resources. They are called the lungs of our planet. Half of all the kinds of plants and animals that exist on the planet live in the rainforests. Unfortunately, the area with rainforests is being reduced due to global warming. 100 years ago, the rainforests covered 14 per cent of the earth’s surface. Now, it is only 6 per cent. Scientists say that if the process continues at this rate, the rainforests will have disappeared in 40 years.

The Caspian Sea is one of the world’s natural wonders. It shares the characteristics of both a sea and a lake. In the past it was called a sea because of its great size and salty water. However, the Caspian Sea is listed as the largest lake in the world. There are about 130 rivers which bring their water to the Caspian Sea. But it is not a freshwater lake – its water is very salty. The Caspian Sea is famous for its wildlife. More than 850 kinds of animals and 500 different plants can be found in this unique sea. The Caspian Sea region is also one of the oldest oil-producing areas in the world. It is also rich in other natural resources.

recognize	распознавать	recognizable	опознаваемый
construct	строить	construction	строительство
research	исследовать	researcher	исследователь
equip	оборудовать	equipment	оборудование
		equipped	оборудованный; оснащённый
compare	сравнивать	comparison	сравнение; сопоставление
		comparable	сравнимый; сопоставимый
		incomparable	несравнимый
history	история	historical	исторический
		prehistoric	доисторический
		historian	историк
		historically	исторически
detail	подробность	detailed	подробный
predict	предсказывать	predictable	предсказуемый
		unpredictable	непредсказуемый
similar	подобный	similarities	совпадения
play	играть	player	игрок
differ	изменять	difference	различие; отличие
		indifference	безразличие; равнодушие
		different	разный; отличный
		indifferent	безразличный; равнодушный
profession	профессия	professional	профессиональ ный
		unprofessional	непрофессиона льный любительский
particular	особый; особенный; определённый	particularly	особенно
nation	нация	national	национальный
		nationality	национальность
popular	популярный	popularity	популярность
freeze	замерзать	frozen	замёрзший
		freezing	ледяной
explore	исследовать	explorer	исследователь; путешественник
		exploration	исследование
		unexplored	неисследован ный
able	способный	unable	неспособный
		disable	отменять
		enable	позволять
		ability	способность
success	успех	successful	успешный
		successfully	успешно
		unsuccessful	безуспешный; неудачный
wealth	богатство	wealthy	богатый; состоятельный
solve	решать	solution	решение
		solvation	спасение
sell	продавать	sale	продажа; распродажа
		sold	проданный
contribute	вкладывать	contribution	вклад
achieve	достигать	achievement	достижение
child	ребёнок	children	дети
		childhood	детство
neighbor	сосед	neighborhood	соседство
young	молодой	youth	молодость; юность
emotion	эмоция	emotional	эмоциональный
develop	развивать	development	развитие
		developer	разработчик
die	умирать	dead	мёртвый
		death	смерть
produce	производить	production	производство
		produced	произведённый
arrive	прибытие	arrival	прибытие
use	использовать	useful	полезный
		useless	бесполезный
economy	экономика	economical	экономический
grow	расти	growth	рост
wide	широкий	widen	расширять
		width	ширина
hard	твердый	harden	делать твердым; укреплять
strength	сила	strengthen	усиливать
inhabit	жить, обитать	inhabitant	житель; обитатель
		inhabitation	жильё
globe	шар; глобус	global	глобальный; всемирный
confident	уверенный	confidence	уверенность
long	длинный	length	длина
		lengthen	удлинять
science	наука	scientist	учёный
		scientific	научный
see	видеть	sight	зрение; вид; взгляд
agree	соглашаться	agreement	соглашение
understand	понимать	understandable	понятный
respond	отвечать	response	ответ
require	требовать	requirement	потребность
commerce	торговля; коммерция;	commercial	торговый; коммерческий
tradition	традиция	traditional	традиционный
		traditionally	традиционно
regard	рассматривать; считать; относиться;	regarding	относительно; касательно
mean	означать, иметь в виду	meaning	значение; смысл
discover	открывать	discovery	открытие
capable	способный	incapable	неспособный
friend	друг	friendship	дружба
		friendly	дружелюбный; дружелюбно
		unfriendly	недружелюб ный; недружелюбно
nature	природа	natural	природный; натуральный; естественный
		unnatural	неестествен ный
		naturally	естественно
taste	вкус	tasty	вкусный
		tasteless	безвкусный
help	помогать	helpless	беспомощный
		helpful	полезный
appear	появляться	disappear	исчезать
		appearance	появление
		disappearance	исчезновение
assist	помогать; содействовать	assistance	помощь; содействие
member	член	membership	членство
active	активный	activity	деятельность
fortune	удача	fortunately	к счастью
		unfortunately	к несчастью
		fortunate	счастливый; удачливый
govern	править; руководить	government	правительство
		governor	правитель
save	спасать	safety	безопасность
		safe	надёжный
legal	легальный	illegal	нелегальный
employ	нанимать	unemployment	безработица
		employee	сотрудник; рабочий
		employer	наниматель; работодатель
qualify	квалифицировать	qualification	квалификация
difficult	сложный	difficulty	трудность; затруднение
train	тренировать	training	тренировка; обучение
possible	возможный	impossible	невозможный
		possibility	возможность; вероятность
locate	определять	location	местоположение
apply	обращаться с просьбой; подавать заявление	application	обращение
myth	миф	mythology	мифология
hero	герой	heroic	героический
invent	изобретать	invention	изобретение
		inventor	изобретатель
think	думать	thought/ thoughts	мысль; мысли
instruct	наставлять	instruction	наставление; руководство
warn	предупреждать	warning	предупрежде ние
recognize	узнавать	recognition	узнавание; признание
construct	строить; сооружать	construction	сооружение; конструкция
		constructor	строитель; конструктор
high	высокий	height	высота; рост
prison	тюрьма	prisoner	заключённый
build	строить	building	здание
visit	посещать	visitor	посетитель; гость
interest	интересовать	interesting	интересный
France	Франция	French	французский
fly	летать	flight	полёт; рейс
hot	горячий	heat	нагревать
direct	направлять	direction	направление
		directed	направленный
		director	директор; руководитель
excite	волновать	exciting	волнующий
		excited	взволнованный; возбуждённый
love	любить	lover	любитель; возлюбленный
attract	привлекать	attraction	привлекатель ность;атракцион
		attractive	привлекатель ный
enjoy	наслаждаться	enjoyable	доставляющий наслаждение; приятный
		enjoyment	наслаждение; удовольствие
adventure	приключение	adventurous	любящий приключения; авантюрный
nerve	нервы	nervous	нервный
scare	пугать	scary	страшный; пугающий
		scared	напуганный; испуганный
favour	одолжение	favorite	любимый; излюбленный;
act	действовать	acting	действие; действующий
		activity	деятельность; активность
		actor	актёр; деятель
perform	cовершать; представлять	performance	представление
danger	опасность	dangerous	опасный
behave	вести себя	behavior / behaviour	поведение
		misbehavior	плохое поведение
talent	талант	talented	талантливый; одарённый
educate	образовывать	education	образование; воспитание
		educated	образованный; воспитанный
study	изучать	student	студент; ученик
real	реальный	reality	реальность; действитель ность
vary	менять	various	разный; разнообразный
		variety	разнообразие
succeed	достигать цели	success	успех
		successful	успешный
origin	источник; начало	originally	первоначально; изначально
sell	продавать	sale	продажа; сбыт; торговля
		seller	продавец
sail	плавать	sailor	моряк
astonish	изумлять	astonishment	изумление; удивление
		astonishing	изумительный; удивительный
		astonished	изумлённый; удивлённый
complete	завершать	completely	полностью; целиком
		completed	завершенный; законченный
excellence	совершенство, мастерство	excellent	совершенный; превосходный
luck	удача	lucky	удачливый
		unlucky	неудачливый
power	власть, мощь	powerful	мощный; могущественный
inform	информировать	information	информация
		informative	информативный
		informed	информирован ный; осведомлён ный
live	жить	life	жизнь
sun	солнце	sunny	солнечный
entertain	развлекать	entertainment	развлечение
comfort	утешать, успокаивать	comfortable	спокойный; комфортный
wonder	интересоваться; желать знать	wonderful	удивительный; чудесный
amaze	изумлять	amazing	изумительный
		amazement	изумление
		amazed	изумлённый
fashion	фасон, мода	fashionable	модный
forget	забывать	unforgettable	незабываемый
		forgotten	забытый
magic	магия	magical	магический; волшебный
		magician	маг; волшебник
perform	исполнять	performer	исполнитель
		performance	представление; исполнение
assist	помогать; содействовать	assistant	помощник; ассистент
		assistance	помощь; содействие
begin	начинать	beginning	начало
Europe	Европа	European	европейский; европеец
celebrate	праздновать	celebration	празднование; праздник
		celebrity	знаменитость; звезда
drama	драма	dramatic	драматический
art	искусство	artistic	художествен ный
		artist	художник
bore	докучать	boring	надоедливый; скучный
		bored	скучающий;
shop	магазин	shopper	покупатель
achieve	достигать	achievement	достижение; успех
extreme	крайний; предельный	extremely	крайне; чрезвычайно; в высшей степени
believe	верить	believer	верующий
		unbelievable	невероятный
succeed	достигнуть цели; добиться	success	успех; удача
event	событие	eventually	в конце концов
hard	жесткий	harden	ожесточать; ожесточаться
		hardly	жестоко; едва ли
live	жить	living	живой; живущий
imagine	представлять	imaginative	представляе мый; воображаемый
symbol	символ	symbolize	символизиро вать
compete	соревноваться	competition	соревнование
provide	предоставлять	provided	снабжённый; обеспеченный
		provision	снабжение; обеспечение
public	публичный	publicity	публичность; известность
introduce	представлять	introduction	представление; знакомство
create	творить	creation	творение
		creature	создание; живое существо; тварь
choose	выбирать	choice	выбор
effect	осуществлять; совершать; выполнять	effect	эффект; результат; следствие
affect	влиять	affection	воздействие; привязанность; любовь
politics	политика	politician	политик
hide	прятать	hidden	спрятанный; скрытый
culture	культура	cultural	культурный
demonstrate	показывать	demonstration	показ; демонстрация
impress	впечатлять	impressive	впечатляющий
society	общество	social	общественный
electronic	электронный	electronically	в электронном виде
deliver	доставлять	delivery	доставка
efficient	эффективный	efficiency	эффективность
involve	вовлекать	involved	вовлечённый
consider	обсуждать	considerable	существенный
distant	отдалённый; удалённый; дальний	distance	расстояние
practice	практиковать	practical	практический
include	вкладывать	including	вложенный
		in