Псевдонимы и прозвища английских писателей

Муниципальное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение

МБОУ Лицей с. Толбазы

Аургазинский район

Республика Башкортостан

Научно - исследовательская работа

по английскому языку:

«Pseudonyms and nicknames of English writers»

Выполнила: Акбашева.М.

Учитель: Ягафарова.Р.М.

Толбазы

Contents

1Introduction.

2Main body.

a)The definition of the pseudonym and the nickname.

b)Pseudonyms and nicknames of English writers.

c)The origin of pseudonyms and nicknames.

3 Conclusion.

4 Literature.

Introduction

Mark Twain, O.Henry, Boz… we know these famous writers and we think these are their casual surnames. But these people have another surname. And Mark Twain. O.Henry, Boz are their pseydonyms.

I've always found myself unexplainably intrigued by pen names and nicknames. I trace it back to when I was in 7th grade, figured out how to go on the net and found a list of writers real names. I remember thinking things like "Jake 'The Snake' Roberts is really named Aurelian Smith? That is a totally radical discovery!"

A pen name is a pseudonym adopted by authors or their publishers, often to conceal their identity. One famous example of this is Samuel Clemens' writing under the pen name Mark Twain. A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write in fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll. Some authors, such as Harold Robbins, use several pen names.

A pseudonym may also be used to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of books about or crime. Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym to disguise the extent of their published output.

Ordinary people need no nicknames, but celebrities use pseudonyms very often. And I want to answer these questions in my research.

Literary pen names

Pen name (or nom de plume) is a pseudonym adopted by authors or their publishers, often to conceal their identity. One famous example of this is Samuel Clemens' writing under the pen name Mark Twain. A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write in fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll. Some authors, such as Harold Robbins, use several noms de plume.

The Bronte family used pseudonyms for their early work, so residents in local communities did not know their works related to the neighborhood people. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books. Anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the pseudonym Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the pseudonym Currer Bell. Emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights under Ellis Bell.

Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, when writing was a male-dominated profession. The reverse example is that of male romance novelists using female pen names. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot. One of Evans' most acclaimed novels is Adam Bede, which was published in 1859. Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. Jane Austen used the pseudonym "A Lady" as the author of her first novel Sense and Sensibility. Elisabeth Evermarie Sarai went by Elisheva (Hebrew for Elizabeth) Evermaire for her novel Sarai.

The authors C. L. Moore and S. E. Hinton were female authors who used abbreviated forms of their full names in order to disguise their gender and attract various types of readers, without creating expectations about the content of their work due to some readers' gender-related stereotypes. However, these names are not pseudonyms, as they are simply the initialized versions of the authors' actual names. C. L. Moore was Catherine Lucille Moore, who wrote in the 1930s male-dominated science fiction genre, and S. E. Hinton, (author of The Outsiders) is Susan Eloise Hinton. Star Trek writer D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine) wrote using her abbreviated own name and also with the pseudonyms Michael Richards and J. Michael Bingham. A more recent example would be J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series.

A pseudonym may also be used to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of exposé books about espionage or crime, or explicit erotic fiction. Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym to disguise the extent of their published output, e.g., Stephen King writing as Richard Bachman. Co-authors may choose to publish under a collective pseudonym, e.g., P. J. Tracy and Perri O'Shaughnessy. Frederic Dannay and Manfred Lee used the name Ellery Queen as both a pen name for their collaborative works and as the name of their main character.

Another example of a pseudonym in literature is A Series Of Unfortunate Events. It is written by Daniel Handler under the pen name of Lemony Snicket. This is to add a sense of mystery to the character.

Pen name (or nom de plume) is a pseudonym adopted by authors or their publishers, often to conceal their identity. One famous example of this is Samuel Clemens' writing under the pen name Mark Twain. A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write in fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll. Some authors, such as Harold Robbins, use several noms de plume.

The Bronte family used pseudonyms for their early work, so residents in local communities did not know their works related to the neighborhood people. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books. Anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the pseudonym Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the pseudonym Currer Bell. Emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights under Ellis Bell.

Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, when writing was a male-dominated profession. The reverse example is that of male romance novelists using female pen names. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot. One of Evans' most acclaimed novels is Adam Bede, which was published in 1859. Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. Jane Austen used the pseudonym "A Lady" as the author of her first novel Sense and Sensibility. Elisabeth Evermarie Sarai went by Elisheva (Hebrew for Elizabeth) Evermaire for her novel Sarai.

The authors C. L. Moore and S. E. Hinton were female authors who used abbreviated forms of their full names in order to disguise their gender and attract various types of readers, without creating expectations about the content of their work due to some readers' gender-related stereotypes. However, these names are not pseudonyms, as they are simply the initialized versions of the authors' actual names. C. L. Moore was Catherine Lucille Moore, who wrote in the 1930s male-dominated science fiction genre, and S. E. Hinton, (author of The Outsiders) is Susan Eloise Hinton. Star Trek writer D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine) wrote using her abbreviated own name and also with the pseudonyms Michael Richards and J. Michael Bingham. A more recent example would be J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series.

A pseudonym may also be used to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of exposé books about espionage or crime, or explicit erotic fiction. Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym to disguise the extent of their published output, e.g., Stephen King writing as Richard Bachman. Co-authors may choose to publish under a collective pseudonym, e.g., P. J. Tracy and Perri O'Shaughnessy. Frederic Dannay and Manfred Lee used the name Ellery Queen as both a pen name for their collaborative works and as the name of their main character.

Another example of a pseudonym in literature is A Series Of Unfortunate Events. It is written by Daniel Handler under the pen name of Lemony Snicket. This is to add a sense of mystery to the character.

List of pseudonyms of English writers

Since the 18th century, hundreds of english authors have adopted pseudonyms for their books, for their contributions to journals and the popular press. Pen names for english authors were most common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This is a list of pseudonyms used by notable english authors.

Entries are listed by pen name, real name, and works.

A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise his or her gender, to distance an author from some or all of his or her works, to protect the author from retribution for his or her writings, or for any of a number of reasons related to the marketing or aesthetic presentation of the work. The author's name may be known only to the publisher, or may come to be common knowledge.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

• Badger Hackle, Theodore Gordon, early American Catskill angler.

• Barnwell (or Ira Zell), Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, author of Superior Fishing; or The Striped Bass, Trout, Black Bass and Bluefish of the Northern States (1865) and other titles.

• Christopher North, John Wilson, a Scottish author associated with Blackwood's Magazine.

• Clifford, Charles, William Henry Ireland, author of The angler: a didactic poem (1804) and noted forger of Shakespearean papers.

• Detached Badger, Frederic M. Halford, noted British author of Floating Flies and How To Dress Them (1886) and others on Dry Fly Fishing.

• Ephemera, Edward Fitzgibbon, British author of The Book of the Salmon (1850) and others.

• Fisher, Paul, William A. Chatto, British author of The angler's souvenir (1835, 1845, 1847)

• Frank Forester, F.F., of the Cedars, Henry William Herbert, British author of The Fish and Fishing of the United States (1850).

• Ghanrhos, L.J. Graham-Clark, British fly tyer and contributor to The Field^[6]

• Grapho, John Harrington Keene, American author of Fly Fishing and Fly Making for Trout (1887)

• Greendrake, Gregory, J. Coad, British author of The angling excursions of Gregory Greendrake Esq. (1832)

• Greydrake, Geoffery, Thomas Ettingsall, contributor to The angling excursions of Gregory Greendrake Esq. (1832)

• Hampshire Fisherman, Richard Clark Sewell, British writer with contributions to The Field

• I.D. Esquire, John Dennys(d.1609) The Fisherman's "Glorious John" (see Westwood, Thos. Bibliotheca Piscatoria, 1861) Author of earliest English poetical treatise on fishing, The Secrets of Angling, first published in 1613.

• Jim-Jam, James C. Mottram, English author of Fly Fishing, Some New Arts and Mysteries (1915)

• John Bickerdyke, C. H. Cook, a prolific 19th-century angling author on coarse and sea fishing

• Jock Scott, Donald Rudd, author of Greased Line Fishing for Salmon

• John Chalkhill, Izaak Walton, author of The Compleat Angler (1653)

• John Trotandot, George P. R. Pulman, British author of Vade mecum of fly-fishing for trout (1841) and others

• J. R. Hartley, Michael Russell, an author who wrote two books about fly fishing-- Fly Fishing: Memories of Angling Days and J. R. Hartley Casts Again: More Memories of Angling Days

• Kego-E-Kay, Fred Mather, American author of Men I have Fished With (1897)

• Klahowya, Orange Perry Barnes, author of Fly Fishing in Wonderland (1910)

• Lariat or (Sam Slocum), Charles Hallock, founder and proprietor of Forest and Stream, 1873–80, now Field & Stream

• Latouche, John, Oswald J. F. Crawford, British sporting writer, circa 1876

• Oconomowoc, Dr. James A. Henshall, American angling author of Book of the Black Bass

• Old Log, Colonel Tickell, a contributor to The Field circa 1876

• Oliver, Stephen, William Andrew Chatto, British author of Scenes and recollections of fly-fishing, in Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland (1834)

• Otter, A. J. Alfred, London, published three angling books in multiple editions between 1859 and 1878. Palmer Hackle, Robert Blakely, prolific British angling writer, 1846-1871

• Pelagius, Rev. M. G. Watkins, a contributor to The Field circa 1892

• Piscator, Edmund Goldsmid. Utilised in preface to 1885 ed. of John Dennys's The Secrets of Angling.

• Red Quill, James Englefield, a frequent contributor to The Field circa 1899^[19]

• Red Spinner, William Senior, British author of Waterside sketches. A book for wanderers and anglers (1875) and others

• Robert Traver, John D. Voelker, author of Trout Madness (1960) and Trout Magic (1974)

• Sparse Grey Hackle, Alfred W. Miller, American author of Fishless Days, Angling Nights (1971) and prolific sporting columnist for the Wall Street Journal, New York Times and Sports Illustrated

• The American Editor, Reverend George Washington Bethune, published first American edition of Isaac Walton's The Compleat Angler (1847)

• Theophilus South, Edward Chitty, British author of The Illustrated Fly Fishers Textbook (1845)

• The Professor, John W. McDonald, author of Quill Gordon (1972)

• Val Conson, a legal abbreviation for Valuable Consideration was G.E.M. Skue's penname for his articles with The Fishing Gazette.

  • Other pseudonyms used by Skues include: Seaforth and Soforth, E.O.E., A Limity Dincombe, S.A.S., Simplex Munidishes, Spent Naturalist, W.A.G., B. Hinde, Unspoiled Child, Captain Stoke, A Fluker, Integer Vitae, Caunter Fordham, A Butt, and Current Colonel.

Famous Pen Names

Many popular books have been published throughout history by authors using pen names.

Lewis Carroll instead of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson

Author of The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland, Reverend Dodgson was an English author, and also a mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman, and photographer. His pseudonym was formed from the anglicised (English) version of his real name. Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which is Latin for Lutwidge, and Carroll was the anglicised version of Carolus, which is Latin for Charles.

Richard Bachman instead of Stephen King

That's right! Even Stephen King had a pen name. Unsure his earlier or non-horror works would be popular with his real name on them, King invented Bachman. But after Bachman was discovered, King killed him off, er, issued a press release about Bachman's "death" supposedly from "cancer of the pseudonym."

George Eliot instead of Mary Ann Evans

At the time novels written by men went over better than those written by women, so Evans assumed a man's name to relate better with her readers.

O. Henry instead of William Sydney Porter

It was Porter's clever use of twist endings in his stories that made the term "O. Henry endings" popular.

Ann Landers instead of Esther Pauline Friedman

Sister to "Dear Abby" who wrote witty and pointed syndicated advice columns.

George Orwell instead of Eric Arthur Blair

Orwell was most famous for two of his works, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Dr. Seuss instead of Theodore Seuss Geisel

Geisel's mother's maiden name, Seuss, is technically pronounced to rhyme with "rejoice."

Mark Twain instead of Samuel Langhorne Clemens

A famous literary figure who's pen name is a nautical term.

Abigail Van Buren aka Dear Abby aka Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips

Sister of "Ann Landers" and advice columnist whose daughter took over the pen name when Pauline died.

Voltaire instead of François-Marie Arouet

The name "Voltaire," which he adopted in 1718 not only as a pen name but also in daily use, is an anagram of the latinized spelling of his surname "Arovet" and the first letters of the sobriquet "le jeune" ("the younger"): AROVET Le Ieune. (Eh, it's all too complicated for me.)

Ayn Rand instead of Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum

Who can blame her?

Real Name	Writing As or Also Under	Pseudonym(s)
Valerie Anand	writing as	Fiona Buckley
Robert Barnard	writing also under	Bernard Bastable
Gwendoline Butler	writing also under	Jennie Melville
Marion Chesney	writing also under	M. C. Beaton, Helen Crampton, Ann Fairfax, Jennie Tremaine, Marion Gibbons, Sara Chester, Charlotte Ward
Agatha Christie	writing also under	Mary Westmacott
David John Moore Cornwell	writing as	John le Carre
Elizabeth Cruwys	writing as	Susanna Gregory, Simon Beaufort
E. V. Cunningham	writing also under	Howard Fast
Frances Fyfield	writing also under	Frances Hegarty
Reginald Hill	writing also under	Patrick Rule
Elizabeth MacKintosh	writing as	Josephine Tey
Alistair MacLean	writing also under	Ian Stuart
Charlotte MacLeod	writing also under	Alisa Craig
Lucy Beatrice Malleson	writing as	Anthony Gilbert
Kinn Hamilton McIntosh	writing as	Catherine Aird
Keith Miles	writing also under	Edward Marston, Conrad Allen
Edith Pargeter	writing also under	Ellis Peters
Harry Patterson	writing also under	Jack Higgins, Martin Fallon, James Graham, Hugh Marlowe
Janet Quin-Harkin	writing also under	Rhys Bowen
Ruth Rendell	writing also under	Barbara Vine
Evelyn Bridget Patricia Stephens Ward-Thomas	writing as	Evelyn Anthony

I've always found myself unexplainably intrigued by pen names and. I trace it back to when I was in 5th grade, out how to go on Usenet and found a list of pro wrestler's real names. I remember thinking things like "Jake 'The Snake' Roberts is really named Aurelian Smith, Jr.? That is a totally radical discovery!"

Apropos of that, sort of, I put together this list of famous authors who use pen names -- but pen names that we (or, more accurately, I) always figured were their real names. So this list doesn't have Samuel Clemens/Mark Twain, or Dr. Seuss/Theodor Seuss Geisel, or Dear Abby and Ann Landers/15 random yentas.

1. Anne Rice. (Real Name: Howard Allen O'Brien) Yes, Anne Rice's real name is Howard. No, this wasn't a case of a guy trying to write vampire stories under a woman's name to give them that extra dose of sensuality -- Anne Rice's mom really named her Howard. Not sure why she ditched the O'Brien; that probably was related to having some credibility in the sensuality department.

2. George Orwell. (Real Name: Eric Arthur Blair) In a crazy twist, "Eric Blair" sounds like the name of a character who could've been someone's Big Brother in a teen movie made in 1984.

3. Lewis Carroll. (Real Name: Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) No, I didn't know Lewis Carroll was a pen name. Sure, cackle in delight with superiority. Lewis Carroll sounds like a perfectly viable British name (at least to me as an American).
   
   According to The Internet, he picked this because Lewis was adapted as the Anglicized version of the Latin version of Lutwidge and Carroll was adapted as the Irish version of the Latin version of Charles. See, back in the 1800s, instead of trying to take their middle name and street name and find their porn pseudonym, kids converted and unconverted their names from Latin to figure out their pen names. Thanks a lot, mind numbing effects of television.

4. Voltaire. (Real Name: Francois-Marie Arouet) So if you're at an all-night breakfast place and order pancakes in the Age of Enlightenment, you'll fully understand if the waitress tells you "Hold on, Francois-Marie Arouet."

5. Pablo Neruda. (Real Name: Neftali Ricardo Reyes Basoalto) I am familiar with the works of Pablo Neruda. (Just not his real name.)

6. Ayn Rand. (Real Name: Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum) Probably would've realized this was a pen name if I'd thought about it. Or, at least, if the government had told me I was allowed to think about it.

7. Stan Lee. (Real Name: Stanley Martin Lieber) I'm happy I live in an era where we now think our super-Jewy last names will actually HELP us get credibility. You blazed this trail, Seinfeld/Stern/Sandler/Bill Goldberg/Jonathan Lipnicki.

8. George Eliot. (Real Name: Mary Ann Evans) I feel like once upon a time I was in an English class and we were doing "Silas Marner" and the teacher told us that a woman used the pen name "George Eliot" so she'd be taken seriously. Although, gun to my head, after well over a decade of letting that trivia knowledge atrophy, I probably couldn't have told you whether George Eliot or Silas Marner was the pen name, the book or the real name. It's the Gordon Lightfood/Edmund Fitzgerald paradox all over again.

9. Joseph Conrad. (Real Name: Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) Question: How many Polish authors does it take to make a heart of darkness? Answer: One to write the book and 10 to unscrew the lightbulb.
   
   

10. Agatha Christie. (Real Name: Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller) If twisting her own name wasn't enough, to keep her mysterion credibility, she also wrote romance novels using the pen name Mary Westmacott. Have you ever read "Murder on the Orient Ass-press"? That book's like all anal.

11. J.K. Rowling. (Real Name: Joanne Rowling) The "K" doesn't stand for anything; she doesn't have a middle name. J.K. Rowling adding something extraneous -- who would've thunk it?

A Selection of Authors from the 1950s through Current times with Pen Names Or Multiple Pen Names:

Elizabeth MacKintosh: (mystery writer) best known as Josephine Tey, Gordon Daviot

Eleanor Hibbert: Victoria Holt (romantic suspense) Phillippa Carr (Daughters of England Series) Jean Plaidy

Barbara Mertz : Elizabeth Peters (Egyptology series) Barbara Michaels (romantic suspense, gothic)

Jasmine Cresswell: (romance) Jasmine Candlish, Jasmine Craig

Michael Crichton: Michael Douglas, Jeffrey Hudson, John Lange

Dean Koontz: David Axton, Leonard Chris, Brian Coffey, Deanna Dwyer, K.R. Dwyer, Leigh Nichols, Arthur North, Richard Page, Owen West.

Stephen King: ichard Bachman (most well-known), John Swithen

Joyce Carol Oates: Lauren Kellly, Rosamund Smith (murder mysteries)

David John Moore Cornwell : John Le Carre

Nora Roberts: J. D. Robb (mysteries)

Sandra Brown: Laura Jordon, Erin St. Claire, Rachel Ryan

Conclusions

Working on this research I have summed up and made the following conclusions. The pseudonyms of writers appear for the following reasons:

1) Attempts to escape persecution for their beliefs.
2) The presence of namesake.
3) Relationships, family discontent.

4) Disharmony of names.
5) Prejudice against women.
6) Because of the fear of failure.

But there are many different reasons that are not able to classificate.

Nicknames appear on the following reasons:
1) nicknames that reflect the characteristics of the individual.
2) Because of appearance
3) denominative

This research was very useful for me, because I learnt a lot about my favorite writers, studied their biographies. I consider that this work can be interesting to the readers, teachers and students.

В ходе II половины работы мною было изучено очень большое количество литературы, а также проанализировано около 250 прозвищ. В результате я выяснила что:

1)Многие английские прозвища дали начало известным английским фамилиям, например Williamsone William, Fitzwilliam, Williamson или Jonessone John, Johns, Johnes;

2)Английские прозвища могут быть классифицированы по следующим типологическим группам :

1. Типы прозвищ в зависимости от среды распространения:

А. Школьные (Misery,Loud mouth)

B. Студенческие ( Brains, Geek)

2. Типы прозвищ по характеру коннотации.

А. Возвеличивающие

В. Уничижительные

С. Уменьшительно-ласкательные

D. Насмешливые

3. Типы прозвищ по составу :

А. Прозвища, образованные от усечения фамилий ( Coop, Rocky)

B. Прозвища, образованные от аббревиации именования (GBS,GG)

C. Прозвища смешанного типа.(Long Tom, Clever Dick)

Unfortunately, I couldn’t find the nicknames of the writers and I decided to do the research in such work as “Nicknames of English people”, because it was interesting for me to know what nicknames they use.

Ряд прозвищ представляют безусловный интерес для изучающих английский язык, так как знание прозвищ существующих в сфере повседневного человеческого общения, важно для понимания жизни, использующего их в коллективе, его истории, традиций и обычаев, характеристике взаимоотношений между людьми.

В современном английском языке существует немало интересных прозвищ. Среди прозвищ можно выделить две более обширные группы:

1) Прозвища, относящиеся к людям

2) Прозвища, относящиеся к географическим объектам.

Групповые или коллективные прозвища даются этнической или какой либо другой группе людей. Например:

Sandy - прозвища шотландцев

Taffy – прозвище жителей Уэльса

Yankee – собирательное прозвище жителей США. Первоначально употреблялось по отношению к населению Новой Англии.

К тому же нам было интересно узнать как иноязычные информанты относятся к проблеме прозвищ. Мы ввели в поисковой системе Google сочетание “Names and Nicknames” и в результате поисков получили следующие данные:

Kenny Borthwick, Эдинбург.

«В колледже мне дали прозвище Dimples (Ямочки) из-за характерных ямочек на щеках.»

Ian Hill, Великобритания.

«Вот уже более 40 лет мои товарищи называют меня Hog (боров).Прозвище это имеет весьма непонятное происхождение, так как не относится ни к моему телосложению, ни к моему поведению за столом.»

Особенности прозвищ во многом зависят и от их состава, то есть от того, из какого рода словесных знаков они построены.

А. Усечение фамилий.

Coop Cooper

В. Аббревиация именования, чаще всего из начальных букв по имени и фамилии, реже по другому принципу.

GBS George Bernand Shaw

C.Эквицентрические прозвища.

Long Tom о Томасе Джефферсоне

С1. Эндоцентрические прозвища

Tricky Dickie

C2. Экзоцентрические прозвища

Clever Dick – умница

D. Несобственные прозвища

Spike – хромой

Е. прозвища, образованные из имен собственных, не принадлежащих данному лицу. Это такие прозвища, где могут быть использованы множественные или единичные имена собственные в переносной функции.

Gulliver, Goliath – прозвища высоких.

Literature

1. Горбаневский Д.С. «В мире имени названий» М.,Знание,1983

2. Калакуцкая Л.П. «Имена Собственные»,2Вопросы языкознания» №3, 1993

3. Катанов.Н.Ф. «Указатель собственных имен к словарю В.В.Радлова»,СПб,1968

4. Кондратьева Т.Н. «Метаморфозы имени собственного в ономастике»,Екатеринбург, 1988

5. Серль.Д.Р. «Собственные имена»/Даугава,1997

6. Delahunty A. “Oxford Dictionary og Nicknames”, Oxford,2003

7. “Longman Dictionary of English Idioms”, Edinburgh,2009

8. Urdang “Dictionary of Names and Nicknames”, Oxford,1991

9. Macmillan English Dictionary

10. www.britainexpress.com/History/bio/carroll.htm

11. www.Wikipedia.com

12. www.biografguru.ru

Тезисы

«Pseudonyms and nicknames of English writers»

Акбашева Миляуша,

Ученица 8 а класса,

МБОУ Лицей с. Толбазы

Mark Twain, O.Henry, Boz… we know these famous writers and we think this is are there usually surnames. But indeed these people have another surnames. And Mark Twain. O.Henry, Boz are there pseudonyms.

I've always found myself unexplainably intrigued by pen names and showbiz names. I trace it back to when I was in 7th grade, figured out how to go on Usenet and found a list of pro wrestler's real names. I remember thinking things like "Jake 'The Snake' Roberts is really named Aurelian Smith, Jr.? That is a totally radical discovery!"

A pen name is a pseudonym adopted by authors or their publishers, often to conceal their identity. One famous example of this is Samuel Clemens' writing under the pen name Mark Twain. A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write in fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll. Some authors, such as Harold Robbins, use several noms de plume.

A pseudonym may also be used to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of exposé books about espionage or crime. Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym to disguise the extent of their published output.

If ordinary people need not in nicknames, but celebrities use pseudonyms very often. And I want to answer these questions in my research.