Опорный дидактический материал для развития навыков устной и письменной речи студентов по дисциплине "Профессиональный английский язык" (Инфекционные болезни)

Содержание

Аннотация ……………………………………………………………………	4
The infectious diseases……………………………………………………...	5
Immunity……………………………………………………………………	7
Diphtheria…………………………………………………………………..	9
German measles (Rubella)………………………………………………….	10
Mumps…………………………………………………………………........	10
Chickenpox………………………………………………………………….	11
Список используемой литературы ……………………………………….	12

Аннотация

Целью данного учебного пособия является изучение английского языка через чтение, понимание и перевод текстов и литературы средней сложности с помощью словаря, а также развитие навыков устной речи на основе языкового материала, предусмотренного программой, чтение и понимание без словаря несложного специального текста на основе уже знакомого лексического и грамматического материала. Навыки восприятия письменной речи (навыки понимания прочитанного) крайне важны потому, что в повседневной жизни мы очень часто имеем дело с письменными образцами – это чтение книг, периодических изданий, просмотр кинофильмов, работа в Интернете и т.д.

Практическая задача - формирование умений и навыков чтения и понимания содержания английских текстов, расширение общего и тематического словарного запаса, отработка произношения английских слов и выражений, развитие разговорных навыков.

Образовательная и воспитательная задачи выполняются в процессе решения практической задачи. Для этого содержание данного пособия ориентируется на развитие межкультурной грамотности студентов в рамках изучения профессионального английского языка.

По окончании изучения данного пособия студент должен знать:

• языковой материал изучаемого языка профессиональном контексте;

• общеупотребительную и профессиональную лексику;

• интернациональную лексику;

• терминологическую лексику.

По окончании изучения данного пособия студент должен уметь использовать английский язык в профессиональной деятельности:

• воспринимать содержание текстов заданного уровня сложности профессионально-ориентированного характера;

• работать со справочной литературой и другими источниками информации;

• представлять англоязычную информацию профессионального характера в виде перевода, пересказа, краткого изложения, плана;

• использовать Интернет-ресурсы для извлечения иноязычной информации в учебных и научных целях.

Студент должен обладать следующими компетенциями:

Студент обладает следующими компетенциями:

Базовыми:

БК - 1.Обучение

БК - 1.1. Саморазвитие: владеет навыками долговременного планирования обучения, профессионального роста;

БК-1.2. Информация: собирает и анализирует информацию, применяет знания на практике.

БК-1.3. Компьютерные технологии: использует информационные компьютерные технологии в работе и саморазвитии;

БК - 2. Этика.

БК-2.1. Общественная жизнь: активно участвует в общественной жизни;

БК-2.2. Этические принципы: демонстрирует приверженность профессиональным эстетическим принципам.

БК-3. Коммуникация и работа в команде

БК-3.1. Коммуникативные навыки: демонстрирует эффективную коммуникацию с разными людьми, с учетом ситуации.

БК-3.2. Работа в команде: демонстрирует ответственность, работая в разных командах.

1. The infectious diseases

Exercise 1. Read, translate and remember the following words.

Scientific, investigation, cause, congenital, disorder, obvious, nervous, abnormality, deformity, fault, chromosomal, embryo, effect, pregnancy, measles, tissue, agent, paralysis, extracellular, shivering, violent, chronic, nutrition, famine, sufficient, diet, consistently, deficiency, deficient

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text, pay attention to the glossary below the text.

Diseases

For many centuries it was thought that diseases were caused by evil spirits.

Modern medical science, however, has made great advances in scientific investigation of the causes of disease, and these causes are now grouped into a few general categories. The following are some of the main categories:

1. Congenital causes of disorders. These act within the womb and result in disorders which are usually obvious at birth such as mongolism, abnormalities of the nervous system and deformities of the heart. These disorders are caused either by a fault in the chromosomal structure of the fertilized egg or by damage caused to the developing embryo in the womb. A developing embryo can be affected by a disease of the mother. For example, during the early months of pregnancy, German measles can lead to abnormalities of the heart and ears. The smoking of more than ten cigarettes a day by a pregnant woman may retard the normal growth of the foetus in the womb. Deformities may also be due to drugs taken during pregnancy.

2. Infection. An enormous number of living things enter the body’s tissue, grow there and cause disease. Infectious agents act in different ways. Viruses act inside the cells. The polio virus, for example, causes paralysis by growing in and destroying a particular type of nerve cell in the spinal cord. Bacteria, on the other hand, are mainly extracellular. Malaria, which is still one of the world’s greatest killers, destroys the blood’s red cells. It is caused by a tiny parasite which is carried by mosquitoes. Its symptoms are a high fever, headache and violent shivering. It can result in chronic ill health or death.

3. Nutrition. The effects of nutrition on health are both direct and indirect as health depends in many ways on quantity and quality of diet. Large numbers of people suffer from chronic starvation, and devastating famine can results from floods, droughts and poor harvests. Even a diet which is quantitatively sufficient can lead to disease if it is deficient in vitamins. A diet which consistently lacks a sufficient quantity of a particular vitamin is certain in time to give rise to the corresponding vitamin deficiency disease.

Glossary

German measles |ˈmiːzlz| – коревая краснуха

Extracellular |ɛkstrəˈsɛljʊlə| – внеклеточный

Be due to – быть обусловленным

Quantitatively |’kwɒntitətivli| – количественно

Is certain in time to give a rise to – наверняка со временем приведет к

Vitamin deficiency |dɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nsi|  disease – авитаминоз

Fertilized |ˈfɜːtəlaɪzd| egg – оплодотворенная яйцеклетка

Foetus |ˈfiːtəs| - утробный плод

Womb |wuːm| - матка, утроба

Exercise 3. Fill in the missing verbs.

1. These act within the womb and ______ disorders …

2. German measles can ______ to abnormalities …

3. Viruses ____ inside the cells.

4. Its symptoms _____ a high fever, headache and violent shivering.

5. Large numbers of people _____ from chronic starvation …

6. A diet which consistently ____ a sufficient quantity …

7. The smoking of more than ten cigarettes a day by a pregnant woman may _____ the normal growth of the foetus in the womb.

8. An enormous number of living things ____ the body’s tissue, ____ there and _____ disease.

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following phrases.

Modern medical science, to make great advances, congenital causes of disorders, a fault in the chromosomal structure, abnormalities of the heart (ears), to be due to smth., to enter the body’s tissues, to destroy a nerve cell, to result in death, both … and …, in many ways, deficiency disease.

Exercise 5. Here are some answers. What are the questions?

1. To abnormalities of the heart and ears.

2. An enormous number of living things.

3. By growing in and destroying a particular type of nerve cell.

4. Destroys the blood red cells.

5. On the quality and quantity of diet.

Exercise 6. Correct the wrong statements using the following as phrase opening:

1. I’m afraid, I don’t agree.

2. You can’t be serious!

3. On the contrary,

4. I don’t believe that.

1. A disease of the mother never affects a developing embryo.

2. Viruses act outside the cells.

3. Bacteria are intracellular.

4. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite carried by sheep.

5. A diet leads to a disease if it is sufficient in vitamins.

6. Deformities are due to drugs taken during pregnancy.

Exercise 7. Give English equivalents to the following phrases. Use them in sentences of your own.

Авитаминоз, современная медицинская наука, врожденные причины расстройств, проникать в ткани тела, приводить к смерти, разрушать нервную клетку, во многих отношениях, дефект в структуре хромосомы, быть обусловленным.

Exercise 8. Choose the correct term to the definitions below:

Cell, disease, congenital, embryo, infection, virus

1. Present, belonging to one from or before birth.

2. Offspring of an animal in the early stage of its development before birth.

3. Communication of disease, especially by agency of the atmosphere or water.

4. Any of various poisonous elements, smaller that bacteria, causing the spread of infectious disease.

5. Microscopic unit of living matter enclosing nucleus with self-producing genes.

6. Disorder of body or mind.

2. Immunity

Exercise 1. Read and remember the following words.

immunity [ɪˈmjuːnɪti] - иммунитет

invasion [ɪnˈveɪʒ(ə)n] - начало заболевания, приступ болезни

natural [ˈnætʃrəl] - естественный, природный

absolute [ˈæbsəluːt] - абсолютный, полный, безусловный

antidote [ˈæntidoʊt] - антидот; противоядие

specific [spəˈsɪfɪk] - конкретный, определенный, специфический

neutralize [ˈnjuːtrəlʌɪz] - нейтрализовать, уничтожать

vital [‘vaitl] - жизненно важный, жизненный

lack [læk] нехватать, недоставать; и недостаток, нехватка, отсутствие.  relative [ˈrelətɪv] относительный; 

relative to smth относительно чего- л., по поводу чего-л.  previous [ˈpriːvɪəs] предшествующий, предыдущий. 

injure [ˈɪndʒə] повреждать, поражать, травмировать. 

inject [ɪnˈdʒɛkt] вводить (лекарство); делать инъекцию. 

subcutaneous [ˌsʌbkjuːˈteɪnɪəs]  подкожный. 

employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] применять, использовать

Exercise 2. Translate from English into Russian using new vocabulary.

1. The patient was lacking red blood cells.

2. Relative association was established in those two cases.

3. This article was relative to the latest developments in genetics.

4. The previous attack of pain was particularly severe.

5. The patient developed acute pain because of the injured leg.

6. Tuberculin was injected to this patient.

7. Subcutaneous injections were given to this patient daily.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text.

Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.

But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.

In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.

If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.

The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.
If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.

Exercise 4. Pick out the appropriate phrase to end the sentences.

1. If the human body had no resistance capacity... (a) people would develop any infectious diseases; b) even direct contacts with infected people would never result in diseases) 2. If a previous attack of a certain infectious disease did not produce a more or less permanent immunity... (a) all of us would be immune (невосприимчивые) to any subsequent attack of this particular infection; b) people would lack resistance to subsequent infection) 3. If all of us had absolute immunity... (a) antitoxins would not be able to neutralize toxins; b) no infectious disease would ever develop in the human organism)

3. Diphtheria

Exercise 1. Read and remember the following words.

diphtheria [dɪfˈθɪərɪə] дифтерит

prostration [prɒˈstreɪʃ(ə)n] прострация, упадок сил, изнеможение

tonsil [ˈtɒns(ə)l] миндалина, миндалевидная железа

larynx [ˈlærɪŋks] гортань, горло, глотка

toxemia [tɒk’simiə] токсемия, заражение крови

delirium [dɪˈlɪrɪəm] бред, бредовое состояние

disintegrate [dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt] распадаться, разрушаться

backache [ˈbækeɪk] боль в спине 

smear [smɪə] мазок

culture [ˈkʌltʃə] посев; выращивание бактерий 

extreme [ɪkˈstriːm] крайний; чрезвычайный 

convalescence [ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsns] выздоровление

fatal [ˈfeɪtl] летальный, смертельный
outcome [ˈaʊtkʌm] исход

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

The patient was a seven-year-old girl. Her fever was irregular and considerably elevated. The general symptoms, such as headache and backache were not severe, but her pulse was weak and irregular. The urinalysis revealed protein to be present in a slightly increased amount.

The patient’s throat being examined, the physician noticed it be coated with a membrane. To make an adequate diagnosis the smear was taken for culture which revealed diphtheria bacilli. If diphtheria bacilli had not been revealed in the smear the doctor might have doubted the diagnosis.

The disease having progressed, prostration became marked. The membranes which had been seen at first on the tonsils were spreading to the pharynx and larynx.
The patient received an adequate treatment with diphtheria antitoxin which contributed to the clearing up of the throat. Had the antitoxin treatment not been employed so soon toxemia would have been intense and delirium and prostration extreme or heart failure, respiratory paralysis or bronco-pneumonia might have developed.

After four or five days the membrane which had been extending over the tonsils, pharynx, and larynx began to loosen (зд. разрыхляться) and disintegrate. In 10 days convalescence was noted to have advanced favourably and the danger of a fatal outcome was considered to have been completely eliminated.

Exercise 4. Give English equivalents.

Температура была непостоянной, пульс был неправильный, незначительно увеличенное количество, мазок был взят на посев, налеты на миндалинах, очищение горла

Exercise 5. Name symptoms of Diphtheria.

4. German measles (Rubella)

Exercise 1. Read and remember the following words.

Pregnancy [ˈpreɡnənsi] – беременность

Permissible [pǝ’misǝbl] – допустимо

Congenital [kɔn’dƷenitl] – врожденный

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

This is a mild disease with low-grade fever, some pain behind ears due to enlargements of glands, and a mild pinkish rash, which only lasts for a day or two. The whole illness lasts 2–3 days and needs no treatment at all. A pregnant mother gets German measles during the first 3 months of her pregnancy. Therefore there is great danger of the baby being born with some congenital malformation. Under doctor’s advice it is permissible to have an abortion induced for such an eventuality. Fortunately, most mothers would have already had the infection in their childhood.

One attack of German measles usually gives a lifelong immunity, although, rarely, a second attack may occur. A vaccine has now been developed to prevent German measles.

Exercise 3. Give English equivalents.

Боль за ушами, красноватая сыпь, беременная женщина, врожденные уродства, в детстве, беременность.

Exercise 4. Name symptoms of German measles.

5. Mumps

Exercise 1. Read and remember the following words.

mumps [mʌmps] свинка, эпидемический паротит parotid [‘pærǝtid] околоушной angle [æŋgl] угол jaw [ʤ𐑋:] челюсть

acquiring [ǝ’kwaiǝriŋ] приобретение gap [gæp] интервал, промежуток testicle [‘testikl] яичко ovaries [‘ouveris] яичник puberty [‘pju:bǝti] половая зрелость

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

Mumps is a communicable virus disease, that usually attacks one or both parotid glands located near the angle for the jaw. It commonly occurs between 5 and 15 years of age. The incubation period, i.e., the period between acquiring the infection and the first symptoms, is usually three weeks. One attack gives immunity.

There is pain on opening the mouth or chewing, a moderate degree of fever, loss of appetite, headache and body pain. Both sides of the face may swell at the same time or there may be a gap of a few days between one side and the other. The swelling lasts about 6-7 days.

Mumps may affect testicles in boys and ovaries in girls, resulting in sterility. This is rare before puberty, and so it is best if children acquire the disease at a younger age. Treatment consists of bed-rest during fever, mouth-washes to keep the mouth clean and aspirin for and pain. Mumps can be prevented by immunizing the child with mumps vaccine.

Exercise 3. Give English equivalents.

Поражать околоушные железы, первые симптомы, умеренная степень лихорадки, половая зрелость, промежуток в несколько дней, опухоль длится, может поражать, лечение состоит из …, может привести к бесплодию.

Exercise 4. Name symptoms of Mumps.

6. Chickenpox

Exercise 1. Read and remember the following words.

Listlessness [‘listlisnəs] - вялость

Blisters [‘blistəs] – пузырьки scratch [skræt∫] - царапать

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

The illness begins with fever, slight headache and listlessness. Within a day or two spots appear on the chest or back, which soon look like small blisters. Such new “crops” keep appearing for 2—3 days and older ones get scabbed over. There is a lot of itching and the child may scratch some of the blisters. Chickenpox is usually a mild disease and there is no particular treatment, except to keep the skin clean and use some smoothening lotion for itching. The itching can also be relieved by bathing the child with a small quantity of soda 2—3 times a day. Antihistamine syrup to relieve itching should only be given under medical advice.

As in the case of measles, there is no point keeping the other children in the family away, as they have been exposed to the disease already and it is just as well for them to get it over with.

Exercise 3. Give English equivalents.

Слабая головная боль, болезнь средней тяжести, чистая кожа, сыпь появляется на коже, облегчить зуд, сыпь появляется на коже

Exercise 4. Name symptoms of Chickenpox.

7. Список используемой литературы

1. Е.А. Беляева. Medicine: Учебное пособие по развитию чтения, преревода, устной речи на английском языке для студентов специальности «Лечебное дело», тексты и учебные задания. – М.-Берлин: Директ-Медиа, 2016. – 126 с.

2. Маслова А.М., Вайнштейн З.И., Плебейская Л.С. Английский язык для медицинских вузов: учебник. – 5-е изд., испр. – М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2013. – 336 с.

3. Козырева Л.Г. Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ: учебное пособие/ Л.Г. Козырева, Т.В. Шадская. - Изд. 7-е. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2007. – 315, [1] с. – (Среднее профессиональное образование).