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«Исследовательская работа "Сравнительная характеристика образования в Англии и России"»
Исследовательская работа
Comparative description of education in England and Russia
Сравнительная характеристика образования в Англии и России
Секция «Иностранные языки»
Автор работы:
Кузнецова Анна Сергеевна
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Chapter 1.Theoretical part.
2.1. Primary and secondary education in England.
2.2. Oxford and Cambridge University
2.3. Primary and secondary education in Russia
2.4. M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
3. Chapter 2. Practical part.
3.1. Differences and similarities of education in England and Russia.
3. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of education in England and Russia
3.3 Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Shakhunya Secondary school № 1named after D. Komarov.
Conclusion.
References and Internet sources
Applications
1.Introduction.
Введение
Актуальность темы: Что нужно современному молодому человеку для того, чтобы реализовать себя в современных условиях жизни? Какую роль играет наша школа, и какой она должна быть в XXI веке, чтобы подготовить человека к жизни нашем стремительно меняющемся мире? Почему для многих выпускников российских школ престижно учится заграницей? Чтобы ответить на эти вопросы я прочитала достаточно литературы о системе образования в Англии на английском языке. Я читала и о том, что зарубежные и отечественные ученые говорят о несоответствии современной системы образования объективным требованиям нынешнего этапа общественного развития. Мы решили на примере нашей обыкновенной районной школы показать систему среднего образования в России и систему высшего образования на примере лучшего университета МГУ им. Ломоносова куда я мечтаю поступить после окончания школы. Проведя сравнительный анализ двух систем мы решили доказать, что наша система образования и наши школы не уступают школам за рубежом и наши университеты дают знания тем студентам, которые увлечены своей будущей специальностью и относятся к учебе ответственно.
Гипотеза исследования: показать некоторое преимущество образования в России.
Цели исследования: Познакомиться с системой образования в Англии и проанализировать преимущества учебы в отечественных университетах.
Задачи:
1. Показать систему начального и среднего и высшего образования в Англии;
2. Обобщить результаты исследования;
3. Показать систему дошкольного, начального, среднего и высшего образования в России.
Объект исследования: Сравнительный анализ системы образования в Англии и в России.
Методы:
1.Теоретические методы исследования: анализ и обобщение литературных источников по теме исследования;
2.Сравнительно-сопоставительные методы исследования.
Практическая значимость:
Наша работа будет полезна тем, кто планирует продолжить свое образование заграницей. В своей работе мы так же подготовили информацию о нашей школе на английском языке.
2. Chapter 1.Theoretical part.
2.1. Primary and secondary education in England.
Twelve million children attend about 40.000 schools in Britain. Education in Great Britain is compulsory and free for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. There are many children who attend a nursery school from the age of 3, but it is not compulsory. In nursery schools they learn some elementary things such as numbers, colours, and letters. Apart from that, babies play, have lunch and sleep there. Whatever they do, there is always someone keeping an eye on them.
Educational system in Britain has strict quality standards. It is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 16 to study. British education is divided into two segments: state schools, which are free of charge, and private schools, which are paid for. Over 90% of children attend state public schools. Also Great Britain has two different systems of education: one is used in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and the other is used in Scotland.
The most popular schools in Britain are Boarding Schools. These are institutions where kids not only study, but live. In Britain, as in many other countries, there is a pre-school education, i.e. there are nursery schools for children from 2 to 7. After the nursery school, kids attend Junior Schools till they are 13. During these years children have to pass an obligatory exam, called SAT (Standard Assessment Tests) twice. In case, they pass it successfully, they can easily transfer to the next step, which is called Senior School. This school is for children aged 13 to 18, and it prepares its pupils for the special exam called GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education).
It is also the time for future profession choice. The main subjects at British schools are English, Mathematics, Geography, Art, Science, History, Physical Education, Information Technology, Music, Religious education and others. According to the classification of schools by gender, education in Britain can be divided into three types of institutions: mixed schools, schools for girls and schools for boys. Higher education in Great Britain is quite expensive, especially for foreign students. However, there are sometimes tuition grants for talented students.
2.2. Oxford and Cambridge University
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the Scottish Universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. All the other universities were founded in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries.
Cambridge.
My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions - and they go back so far! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the Past, the Present and even the Future. It's easy to see both how the past has moulded the present and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this University town looks like and how it came to be here at all. The story of the University begins, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford. As was the custom then, they had joined themselves into a "Universitas" of Society - the word "University", like the word "College", meant originally a society of people with a common employment ; it was only later it came to be associated with scholarship.
These students were all churchmen and had been studying in Oxford at that city's well-known schools. It was a hard life at Oxford for there was constant trouble between the townsfolk and the students. Then one day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students, who were innocent, and by order of King John (who was quarrelling with the Church and knew that the death of three clergymen would annoy it) they were put to death by hanging. In protest, all the students moved elsewhere, some coming to Cambridge; and so the new University began.
There took place a new quarrel with the townsfolk, for the University was anxious to be independent of the Town, and the Town was equally anxious for authority over the new student population. "Town" and "Gown" battles were frequent.
The boarding-houses and shopkeepers cheated the students, who very soon organized themselves under an elected leader called a Chancellor, and he fixed prices that should be paid. Gradually the University gained control.
Side by side with the fight for freedom from Town rule was another for liberty from Church rule, until by 1500 the University was its own master at last. Of course there were no Colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from every - where. Those from the same part of the country tended to group together and these groups called "Nations" still exist, by the way, at some European Univer- sities.
The students were armed; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually, the idea of the College developed and in 1284 Peterhouse the oldest College in Cambridge, was founded.
Life in College was strict ; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance.
Oxford
This university town is very beautiful. The oldest university there is Oxford. The first of its colleges was founded in 1249. The university now has thirty-five colleges and about thirteen thousand students, many of them from other countries.
There were no women at Oxford until 1878. When the first women's college Lady Margaret Hall, opened. Now most colleges are open to men and women. It is not easy to get a place at Oxford University to study for a degree.
But outside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less difficult courses and where it is easy to enrol. Most students in these private school take business, secretarial or English language courses.
Oxford is, of course, famous for its first-class education as well as its beautiful buildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and work here. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues and the four-hundred-year-old library, which has about five million books.
Oxford has same of the finest architecture in Britain. Some of their colleges, chapels and libraries are there, four and even five hundred years old, and are full off books and precious paintings. You can see there many lovely gardens, where the students can read and relax in the summer months. Oxford was an important town even before the Universit came into existence; it is mentioned in the “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” of 912 as “Oxenforde”, the ford where oxen, and so presumably men, could cross the river.
The University of Oxford may be said to date from when the first charter was granted by the Pope, but long before this date there had existed in the town a number of religious communities and these were the real beginning of the University.
The college corporate institutions with special rules and privileges came into being during the Middle Ages, but at only graduates were full members of them and it was not the 16th century that all undergraduates were admitted to them.
The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries saw many quarrels between the students and the townsfolk culminating in the riot on St. Scholastica’s Day. Subsequently the King gave his support to the University which gained considerable influence over the town and its trade. In 1672 the Test Act required all students subscribe to the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England a requirement which was not abolished for another two hundred years.
The ground on which Oxford is built is actually a peninsula; bounded on the west and south by the Thames – or Isis, as called here – and on the east by a tributary, the Cherwell. Punting on the Cherwell is favoured by those whose tastes in boat are for relaxation rather than for strenuous exercise, but on the Isis it is rowing which holds pride of place. This sport is taken very seriously by many undergraduates and there is great rival between college crews. The height of a rowing man’s ambition to gain his “blue”, that is to row against Cambridge in the annual contest on the Thames from Putney to Mortlake.
Academic life in Oxford is full and varied. Some of the occasions are solemn, some exciting, and a few unashamedly frivolous. The three principal annual events are Commemoration, Congregation and Convocation. The first is mainly concerned with the conferring of Honorary Degrees, the ceremony commemorating the opening of the Sheldonian Theatre in 1669. Associated with it are the celebrations of the Encaenia. Meetings of Congregation and Convocation are conducted with all the splendour and ceremony which tradition demands.
Every college of the University has its own Library, and many of them are very large ahd comprehensive. The principal museums of Oxford are the Ashmolean and the University Museum.
Oxford is not only one of the two oldest university cities of Great Britain, but a thriving industrial town as well. Its history can be traced as far back as the eighth century, when the earliest monastic foundation was already in existence. Oxford is also famous for its architecture.
2.3. Primary and secondary education in Russia
Citizens of Russia have the right for education which is guaranteed by the Constitution. The public educational system in our country incorporates pre-school, general school, specialized secondary and higher education.
Pre-school consists of kindergartens and creches. Children there learn reading, writing and arithmetic. But pre-school education isn't compulsory - children can get it at home.
Compulsory education is for children from 6(7) to 17 years of age.
The main link in the system of education is the general school which prepares the younger generation for life and work in modern production. There are various types of schools: general secondary schools, schools specializing in a certain subject, high schools, lyceums and so on. Tuition in most of them is free of charge, but some new types of schools are fee-paying. The term of study in a general secondary school is 11 years and consists of primary, middle and upper stages. At the middle stage of a secondary school the children learn the basic laws of nature and society at the lessons of history, algebra, literature, physics and many others.
After the 9th form pupils have to sit for examinations. Also they have a choice between entering the 10th grade of a general secondary school and enrolling in a specialized secondary or vocational school.
Persons who finish the general secondary school, receive a secondary education certificate, giving them the right to enter any higher educational establishment. Entrance examinations are held in July and August. Institutions are headed by rectors; the faculties are headed by the deans. One has to study in the institute for 5 years. Higher educational institutions train students in one or several specializations.
2.4. M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in the world. As of 2004, the university has some 4,000 staff teaching 36,000 students and 7,000 postgraduates.. In 1940, the university was renamed in honor of its founder, Mikhail Lomonosov.
Since 1953, most of the university's faculties have been situated on Sparrow Hills, in the southwest of Moscow. Considered to be the outskirts of Moscow at the time of its building, due to the subsequent expansion of the city today the main building is about half-way between the centre of Moscow at the Kremlin and the city's limits.
The university includes a number of faculty buildings located near Manege Square in the centre of Moscow.
The university is commonly regarded as Russia's most prestigious university and has high entry requirements for its prospective students. The university generally performs well in international higher education studies and, in 2008, the university was ranked 70th according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, 155th according to Times Higher Education in 2009. and 44th according to Human Resources & Labor Review published in Chasecareer Network A few narrowly specialized Moscow colleges, including MIPT (physics) and MGIMO (international relationships), were split off of MSU at one time or another and have since established strong reputations of their own, arguably even surpassing their parent in terms of prestige and quality of education.
Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics
Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics
Faculty of Physics
Faculty of Chemistry
Faculty of Materials Science
Faculty of Biology
Faculty of Fundamental Medicine
Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics
Faculty of Soil Science
Faculty of Geology
Faculty of Geography
Faculty of History
Faculty of Philology
Faculty of Foreign Languages and Area Studies
Faculty of Philosophy
Faculty of Sociology
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Journalism
Faculty of Psychology
The Institute of Asian and African Studies
Faculty of Public Administration
School of Business Administration
Faculty of Fine and Performing Arts
Moscow School of Economics
Faculty of Global Processes
Faculty of Educational Studies
Faculty of World Politics
School of Translation and Interpretation
Graduate School of Public Administration
School of State Audit
Graduate School of Innovative Business
Graduate School of Management and Innovation
Faculty of fundamental physical and chemical engineering
Faculty of Further Education
Faculty of Political Science
School of Contemporary Social Sciences
School of Television
Higher School of Policy in Culture and Management in the Sphere of Humanities
British Universities
Специальности бакалавриата:
СМИ
анатомия
английский язык и литература
антропология
археология
архитектура
бизнес
биология и биомедицина
биотехнологии
бухгалтерский учет
география
городское планирование, градостроительство
гуманитарные и социальные науки
дизайн
драма и театр
естественные науки
журналистика
инженерные специальности
информационные технологии
искусство и дизайн
история
история искусств
компьютерные науки
лингвистика
математика
медиа и связи с общественностью
медицина
международные отношения
менеджмент
музыка
педагогика
политика
политология
право
психология
реклама
религиоведение
социология
спорт
стоматология
технические науки
фармакология и фармацевтика
физика и астрономия
философия
финансы и бухучет
химия
экология и природные ресурсы
экономика
юриспруденция
О специализации Факультеты:
гуманитарных наук; естествознания и окружающей среды; математических и физических наук; медицинских наук; общественных наук.
Отделения:
классических языков и литературы; древней истории; филологии, лингвистики и фонетики; живописи и изобразительного искусства; английского языка и литературы; средневековых и современных языков; современной истории; музыки; Востока; философии; теологии; Китая; истории искусств; истории медицины; антропологии; археологии; биохимии; географии; наук о растениях; зоологии; математики; статистики; химии; наук о Земле; инженерных наук; материаловедения; физики; анестезии; кардиоваскулярной медицины; клинических лабораторных наук; клинической медицины; клинической неврологии; клинической фармакологии; генетики; молекулярной медицины; акушерства и гинекологии; офтальмологии; педиатрии; психиатрии; здоровья населения и первой помощи; хирургии; экспериментальной психологии; анатомии и генетики человека; патологии; фармакологии; физиологии; Африки; Бразилии; современного Китая; Японии; Латинской Америки; России и Восточной Европы; Южной Азии; экономики; образования; Институт интернета; права; менеджмента; политики и международных отношений; общественной политики и социальной работы; социологии; дополнительного образования.
Инфраструктура
библиотека
интернет
кампус
кафе, ресторан
компьютеры в доступном пользовании
медицинский центр
резиденция
спортивный центр
студенческие клубы по интересам
Oxford University is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Teaching has been taking place in Oxford since at least 1096 and developed rapidly through the 12th century.
The University has played a major role in the intellectual life of the country since its early days. Over nine centuries it has been a centre for debate and controversy in science, religion and the arts.
During the 20th and early 21st centuries, Oxford added to its humanistic core a major new research capacity in the natural and applied sciences, including medicine.
3. Chapter 2. Practical part.
3.1. What are similarities and differences between the Russian and English system of education?
Compared with the British education system in Russia is not such technologies as in Britain. Just as in England, not such technology, as well as in Russia, on which children can learn. And in England and in Russia, there are teachers who help children learn better, and this similarity! Unlike England, in Russia is not such technologies, as in Britain, and a little differently developed, that is why Russia and different from England.
In comparison with the British system of education, Russia differs from the amount of training time. Just as in England,11-year school education must be mentioned . Both in England and in Russia education consists of two stages. In contrast to England, in Russia possible enter university with a certificate of secondary educated. But in England those who wish to enter the university offers two-year A-levels.
3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of education in England and Russia
Thus, based on the differences and similarities of education systems can know more about their advantages and disadvantages.
The higher education system in England is fully consistent with the European, and the transition is not yet fully completed in Russia, in connection with which the graduates of Russian universities have to confirm their diplomas abroad.
Study "in debt" provides an opportunity for higher education to low-income segments of the UK population.
Enroll in a foreign university is not as easy as it seems at first glance. Apart from the need to prepare the documents, prospective students or students should have some basic knowledge of the language of the country in which the university and specialized subjects. So many of those wishing to enroll in a foreign university to spend a few years to prepare.
If you decide to enroll in a foreign university, you will be able to not be limited to work in Russia. With the knowledge of languages and majors you can stay and work in any country as a diploma of the American or European university opens more doors in different countries and, therefore, creates vast opportunities for career growth.
With regard to the UK higher education traditionally it takes 2 or 3 position in the international rankings of universities, and the quality of work and professionalism of many graduates of higher education institutions of Russia leaves much to be desired.
Thus, studying abroad - it is not an easy task. However, carefully weighing all the "pros" and "cons" you can always come to the only right decision for yourself
3.3 Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Shakhunya Secondary school № 1named after D. Komarov.
Our school was founded in August in 1937. In 2012 the school was 75years old. For this period our school has trained thousands of school leavers. We will celebrate the 80th anniversary of its foundation next year. Our school is named after the hero of the Soviet Union Dmitry Evlampievich Komarov. Since 1940 the school has been in this stone building. During the Second World War there was military hospital in our school.
At the present time the school body numbers 653 pupils and 40 teachers.
In 2007, the school museum was opened. School Museum, as part of the open educational space, is called to be the coordinator of the military-patriotic activities of an educational institution, a link between the school and other institutions culture, public organizations.
In our school are taught: English, Russian, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, physical education, drawing and painting, MHK, life safety, economics, geography, history, and technology.
