Трудные вопросы грамматики.Множественное число имени существительного.(исключения)

Презентация на тему: Трудные вопросы английской грамматики. Множественное число имени существительного (исключения).

Работу выполнила Салехова Асия Асхатовна

Учитель иностранных языков МКОУ « Гмелинская СШ им. В.П.Агаркова

Целью данной проектно- исследовательской работы является изучение исключительных случаев образования множественного числа имени существительного в современном английском языке. Объектом исследования данной работы является неправильное образование категории числа в английском языке. Актуальностью работы является то , что данная тема полностью не изучена. В задачи работы входит: -Рассмотреть особые случаи образования множественного числа имени существительного -Показать особенности перевода имен существительных во множественном числе В процессе исследования были использованы следующие методы: -описательный метод: для выделения исключительных случаев образования множественного числа -Сопоставительный метод: для сравнительного анализа употребления множественного числа существительных в английском и русском языках.

Содержание: a) changing the “is” in certain singular nouns to “es” b) Adding “s” . c) Mutated plurals form their meaning by internal chanding. d) Some plural nouns have the same spelling as the singular nouns. c) Some nouns are used only in the plural form. e) There are some words which are uncountable in English, but which refer to things that are considered countable in other languages. f) Some nouns have endings in “ s ” . h) You should also know that, when you are sure that your hearer Will understand that a quantity of something is being referred to, you don't need to use a quantifier. i) There are a number of nouns in English which refer to a group of people or things, they are called collective nouns. g) There are some nouns which are rarely used alone. k) Some singular expressions also usually have plural verbs. l) Some plural expressions have singular verbs. m) In the British English they also use a singular verb after one of + plural noun

Number of the nouns. There are some clear-cut rules which help to from the plurals. All sorts of rules arise in the formation of the plurals. a) changing the “is” in certain singular nouns to “es”: axis – axes; basis – bases; crisis –crises. b) Adding “s” to singular compound noun (note where the “s” is placed): brother-in-law –brothers-in-law; by-way –by-ways; guest-of-honour – guests-of-honour; looker-on –lookers-on; mouse-trap –mouse-traps; passer-by –passers-by; by-stander –by-standers; wrist-watch –wrist-watches; manservant –menservants, etc. c) Mutated plurals form their meaning by internal chanding. Child –children; foot –feet; goose –geese; man –men; mouse –mice; ox –oxen; tooth –teeth; woman –women. Sometimes the words of foreign derivation retain their foreign plurals: curriculum –curricular; criterion –criteria; crisis –crises; hippopotamus –hoppopotamuses or hippopotami, etc. d) Some plural nouns have the same spelling as the singular nouns: cannon, dice, cod, deer, grouse, salmon, sheep, swine, trout, bison, reindeer, fish, fruit, mews, series, species. c) Some nouns are used only in the plural form. Here is the list of such nouns: billiards, drawers, gallows, jeans, measles, pincers, pliers, riches, scissors, shears, spectacles, thanks, tongs, trousers, tights, shorts, sunglasses, underpants, etc.

e) There are some words which are uncountable in English, but which refer to things that are considered countable in other languages: advice, baggage, furniture, homework, luggage, machinery, money, news, progress, research, spaghetti, traffic, information, knowledge, fun, duty, education, fire, food, help, ice, joy, love, luck, paper, rain, sand, silence, spite, trade, transport, waste, weather, wind, work, youth, etc. f) Some nouns have endings in "s" but they are not plural, in fact they are uncount nouns: aerobics, athletics, linguistics economics, genetics, physics, politics, statistics, mathematics, etc. Note that some of there nouns are occasionally used as plural nouns, especially when you are talking about a particular person's work or activities. Example: His politics are clearly right-wing. Such nouns refer to games: Billiards, bowls cards, darts, draughts, skittles, tiddlywinks. Or they may refer to diseases: Diabetes, measles, mumps, rabies, rickets, shingles, ect.

h) You should also know that, when you are sure that your hearer Will understand that a quantity of something is being referred to, you don't need to use a quantifier. For example, in a restaurant you can ask for "three coffees", which means three cups of coffee. In this way, the uncountable noun "coffee" has become countable. Nouns used in this way are called mass nouns. Here is the list of frequently used mass nouns: Beer, brandly, cheese, coffee, coke, deodorant, detergent, dye, fabric, fertilizer, fuel, glue, ink, iron, jam, jelly, juice, liqueur, meat, medicine, metal, oil ore, paint, plastic, ribbon, poison, salad, soap, soil, soup, steel, tea, wine, wood, yogurt, etc. i) There are a number of nouns in English which refer to a group of people or things, they are called collective nouns. When you use a collective noun, you can use either a singular or a plural verb after it. Examples: Our family is sitting in the kitchen. (It's a single unit) or: Our family are sitting. (You think it's a group of members or individuals) The BBC is sending him to Turkey for the whole summer. The BBC are planning to use the New satellite next month. Mixed singular and plural nouns: Singular nouns for groups of people often have plural verbs and pronouns in British English, especially when we are talking about personal kinds of action: ° class are... and class is... (see collective nouns) ° club has... and club have... ° orchestra is... and orchestra are... ° school has... and school have... ° staff do... and staff does... Here is the list of common collective nouns: Aristocracy, army, audience, cast, committee, company, council, crew, data, enemy, family, flock, government, group, jury, media, navy, press, public, staff, team, ets.

g) There are some nouns which are rarely used alone , because they need supporting material, such as modifier or qualifier, because the meaning of the noun will not be clear. Some of such nouns have many meaning, others have very little meaningon their own. Such words need supporters: the head, a note, the top, affair, area, back, band, case, center, class, crisis eater, kind, level, limit, line, period, point, power, rise, range, rate, role, side, sort, status, tone, view, type, version, wave, way, wing, etc. k) Some singular expressions also usually have plural verbs: a number of... the majority... a couple of... a group of... a lot of +plural noun/pronoun, the rest of +plural noun/plonoun. A number of us are worried about it. The majority disagree. There are a couple of children outside. A lot of them were late. The rest of the members are ill. l) Some plural expressions have singular verbs: names of quantities, plural names of countries, compound nouns joined by and, more than one + singular noun. Ten pounds is too much to pay. Three weeks wasn't enough holiday. The United States is smaller than Canada. (but the USA are.) Fish and chips costs $2. More than one person disagrees. m) In the British English they also use a singular verb after one of + plural noun . One of your children has lost a shoe.

Вывод: 1) Множественное число образуется путем прибавления суффиксов- s/-es, которые реализуется как ряд алломорфов --/z/,/s/, /iz/ в зависимости от характера финального звука основы(dogs /z/, potatoes /z/; books, cats /s/; classes, bushes /iz/). Наряду с открытой моделью, существует ряд закрытых групп; входящие в них существительные образуют формы множественного числа с помощью непродуктивных средств, закрепленных только за данными существительными. Это суффиксы, функционирующие только в пределах данных групп : а) суффикс –еn, закрепленный за двумя существительными – oxen, children. В языке существует небольшая, но очень стойкая группа существительных, использующих чередование гласных для образования множественного числа: /u:/--/i:/--tooth –teeth, foot –feet; /au/--/ai/ --mouse—mice; /ae/--/e/ -- man—men. Чередование /ai/--/i/ существует также в основе child—children, наряду с суфффиксацией. Наконец, у некоторых существительных отсутствует формальный признак множественного числа: sheep, deer, swine. Так в предложении The sheep fell into the ditch определить форму числа sheep невозможно.

Спасибо за внимание!