Проект по английскому языку:"Русские и американцы. Могут ли они быть друзьями?"

Проект Russians and Americans рассматривает взаимоотношение двух стран. Несмотря на то, что существуют политические разногласия между ними,эти страны зависят друг от друга.Цель проекта – выяснить как политическая обстановка влияет на взаимоотошение людей разных стран.

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«Проект по английскому языку:"Русские и американцы. Могут ли они быть друзьями?"»

Муниципальное общеобразовательное учреждение – средняя общеобразовательная школа № 9 города Аткарска Саратовской области

Исследовательский проект по английскому языку

“The Americans and the Russians:

Can we be friends ?“

Выполнил:

Садомцев Эльдар.

Учащийся 9 «А» класса

Руководитель: Разволяева Алина Валерьевна ,

учитель английского языка

Аткарск 2017

Content

1. Introduction.………………………………………………………..………….3

2. The Evolution of Russian-American relations………………………………...3

3. Russians-Americans relations now...................................................................5

3.1 Russian-American Business Cooperation…………………………………....5

3.2 Cooperation on Arctic Shipping…………………………………………...…6

3.3 Russians-American cultural cooperation……………………………………..8

3.4 Russians-American space cooperation……………………………...……….10

4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..11

Used resources……………………………………………………………..…....12

The Americans and the Russians. Can we be friends?

Introduction

Russia and the USA are one of the most powerful countries in the world. Relations between these two countries are far from the best way. Nowadays there are very complex political relations between Russia and the United States, but at the same time, these two countries are very dependent on each other. There is a difficult disagreement between Russia and the US as Russia began helping Syria and this conflict situation is continuing at the moment. But ordinary people who do not depend on the politicians want to visit the countries of each other, a lot of Russian students go to the US with the help of different summer programs such as “Work &Travel”, and many people communicate on social networks. The purpose of my work is to study the relations between Russia and the USA, as well as to find out what the Russians and Americans think about each other. This study is an attempt to figure out if the political situation influences on people`s opinions about each other.

The Evolution of Russian-American relations.

In 1809 Russia and the United States exchanged ambassadors, marking the beginning of diplomatic relations. The first U.S. Ambassador to Russia was John Quincy Adams, who later became the sixth President of the United States. The first Russian Ambassador in the USA was Andrey Dashkov. In the nineteenth century relationship between the U.S. and Russia were generally friendly, despite the problems that arose as a result of collision of Russian and American interests in the area of Alaska and the Pacific coast of North America at the beginning of the century.
On 17 April 1824 in St. Petersburg the Russian-American Convention on friendly relations was signed, Commerce, navigation and fishing, streamlined relations between the two States in the North-Western part of North America began.

In 1867, Russia sold Alaska, the entire Aleutian archipelago and some Islands in the Pacific Ocean to America.
But the United States became one of the last states which recognized the Soviet Union.The first Ambassador of the USSR to the USA in 1933 was Alexander Troyanovsky.

(1899-1966)

Alexander Troyanovsky

Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were established on 16 November 1933. During the Second World War relations between the USA and the USSR remained good. The German attack on 22 June 1941 the Soviet Union caused among the American people a wave of respect and sympathy to the Soviet Union. Roosevelt's decision from November 1941 the USSR was distributed by the law on lend-lease, under which the USSR began to ship U.S. military equipment, property and food. But the Union Treaty between the USSR and the USA (as between the USSR and Britain) was not signed.
An important factor in relations between the Soviet Union and the USA became the arms race. Since August 1945 the United States considered itself a monopoly on the possession of nuclear weapons and tried to use this trump card against the Soviet Union.

In the early 1960s the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of nuclear war when the USSR in answer to the deployment in Turkey of American medium-range missiles placed their own nuclear missiles in Cuba that led to the Caribbean crisis of 1962. Fortunately, thanks to the political will of leaders of both countries, John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev, the military conflict was avoided. On 1 June 1990 an agreement was signed between the USSR and the USA about the line of delimitation of Maritime spaces. 1 February 1992 as Camp David proclaimed a joint Declaration of Russia and the USA, which officially marked the end of the Cold war.

1.2 Russian-American relations now.

At the moment there are the strained relations between Russia and the United States and the tightening of sanctions in connection with the crisis in the Ukraine. The Ukraine for the USA is initially favorable geopolitical object and area of counteraction with Russia. Relations between Russia and the USA, which directly affects not only the situation in the Ukraine, but all over the world, at the moment it is difficult to say whether it will be possible to come to a peaceful dialogue between these two powers. Judging by the recent visit of Secretary of the US Kerry in Sochi, positive trends in the development of the conflict are planned at least a desire for it, but the reconciliation cannot be called unique for a long time.
Because of the complexity and vastness of the topic, the political, military and economic power of Russia and the USA, and most importantly the many scenarios between two states, it is important to emphasize the undeniable fact that the main priority is the achievement of a truce and the implementation of all Minsk agreements.

There has been a peculiar pattern in Russian-U.S. relations. Every five or six years, the leaders of both countries solemnly declare the end of the “Cold War”. However, within a short time, the two sides – Moscow and Washington – again find themselves in a state of crisis, be it political or military. For example, Russian and American negotiators started arms control processes anew, but then the cycle of rapprochement/divergence repeated again.

Russian-American Business Cooperation Prospects for Russian-American Business Cooperation

Despite the White House initiative to impose a freeze on the activities of the Presidential Commission and a series of the U.S. sanctions aiming at Russian individuals and legal entities, business contacts among our countries continue. Russian companies develop their businesses in the US. American businesses are interested in safeguarding their positions in Russia. In addition to that, major investors plan to expand their projects in our countries, especially now when the Eurasian economic union is established.

According to the Federal Customs Service of Russia the bilateral U.S.-Russia trade turnover in 2015 amounted to 29.2 billion dollars which is 7,2% higher in comparison with 2014. Russian export to the U.S. was 18.5 billion dollars, while American Import to Russia - 10.7 billion dollars.

Investment cooperation continues to develop. According to the data provided by the Central Bank of Russia by the end of 2015 the flow of direct investments from the U.S. to Russia grew up to 45% reaching 708 million dollars. In the first quarter of 2016 this number increased by almost 350 million dollars.
In 2015 the volume of Russian direct investment to the U.S. rose 2,2 times and equaled 1.66 billion dollars. The additional raise in the first quarter of 2015 amounted to 174 million dollars. As of July, 2015 accumulated American direct investments in Russia were estimated at 2.9 billion dollars, and Russian investments in the U.S. – at 7.9 billion dollars.
Russian companies’ investments in the U.S. are located in the metallurgic industry and in oil and gas sector. Cooperation in the IT field is also established.
American direct investments in Russia are predominantly allocated in manufacturing industry, mineral resources, wholesale and retail commerce, automotive maintenance, transportation, telecommunication, financial services, real estate, leasing, and other services. American companies demonstrate particular interest in developing cooperation and providing investments to those Russian regions which are rich in natural resources or where present centers of major chemical, metallurgic, aerospatial, industries.

Cooperation on Arctic Shipping.

Common Interests and Existing Cooperation between Russia and the U.S.

Russia and the U.S. have similar interests in the Arctic, and are cooperating in many ways to address various aspects of Arctic shipping and other topics. The Arctic Council is the most prominent forum for international cooperation on Arctic matters. In 2009, it produced the Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment, still the most comprehensive review of the topic. The Arctic Council also led development of the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement and the Arctic Oil Spill Agreement, both of which advance the safety of humans and the environment through international communication and cooperation. Russia and the U.S. both recognize the benefits of Arctic resource development, and both produce minerals and petroleum in their Arctic regions. Both countries also recognize the challenges and risks of industrial-scale operations in the Arctic, and the importance of reducing those risks to ensure smooth operations and environmental protection.

In recent years, Russia and the U.S. have both issued national strategies for the Arctic that are remarkably similar. They both speak to maintaining the Arctic as an area of peace and stability, with a commitment to bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Both strategies emphasize the need to protect Arctic ecosystems and resources, and to protect the ways of life of indigenous peoples and other coastal residents. And both strategies stress the need for a unified information system to foster greater sharing of information, for both science and management.

Russia and the U.S. do more than share their aspirations for the Arctic. They have a long history of cooperation across the Bering Sea and Bering Strait, especially on search-and-rescue, fisheries conservation, and environmental protection. They mutually enforce the international agreement on fisheries in the international waters of the Bering Sea. They have agreed on sharing the quotas for indigenous hunting of gray whales and bowhead whales in the Bering and Chukchi Seas established by the International Whaling Commission. In October 1988, when three gray whales were trapped in ice near Barrow, Alaska, a Russian icebreaker came to open a channel to enable the whales to reach open water and survive. In December 2011, a U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker and a Russian ice-strengthened oil tanker joined forces to deliver much-needed fuel to Nome, Alaska.

In the area of commercial shipping, Russia and the U.S. are leaders at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Both are active on the IMO’s Marine Safety Committee and Marine Environment Protection Committee. Through this work, the IMO has developed a number of international conventions that have improved safety for commercial shipping and reduced pollution risks. Most prominent among these are the Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution (MARPOL). Russia and the U.S. are currently supporting IMO’s work on developing a safety code for vessels operation in both polar regions (the Polar Code), which is likely to lead to amendments to SOLAS and MARPOL to make its provisions mandatory.

With this background, there are many areas where Russia and the U.S. can work together to address common goals and shared concerns with regard to Arctic shipping. These include:

Commit resources to improve hydrographic information and update nautical charts.
Improve navigation safety information sharing between the two countries.
Improve emergency response capability, such as stationing a rescue tug near areas of high risk or high value.
Conduct oil spill response exercises to test the effectiveness of the Arctic Oil Spill Agreement.
Institute communication and reporting requirements to better monitor vessel traffic, reduce risk and ensure vessel compliance with appropriate Arctic guidelines for safe navigation.
Cooperate on establishing voluntary navigation safety measures in the Bering Strait (see examples below) .
Russia and the U.S. have a history of practical cooperation on Arctic matters, especially in the Bering Strait region where they share a maritime boundary. Cooperation on Arctic shipping would build on this history, promoting orderly development of the Arctic and its resources, safeguarding our coasts and coastal peoples, fulfilling the goals of both countries’ Arctic strategies, and increasing confidence among vessel owners about the safety and security of traversing Arctic waters.
By working together to develop voluntary measures regarding vessel traffic in the Bering Strait, Russia and the U.S. would take an important first step towards wider cooperation on Arctic shipping. Further steps can be taken through bilateral arrangements as well as through the IMO to achieve international recognition of measures that promote safety and stability of shipping in remote areas with many natural hazards and limited infrastructure or other support. By doing so, the U.S. and Russia would help achieve their respective goals for the Arctic, and reduce risks for people and the environment in a magnificent region that is important to both countries.

RUSSIAN-AMERICAN CULTURAL COOPERATION

Bilateral cultural cooperation between our countries, which has always been particularly active, is continuing to grow. Tours of leading art companies or up-and-coming artists, expositions of masterpieces from major museums or exhibitions of modern painters, various festivals, conferences, charity events — all that plays an important role in shaping a favorable opinion of Russia, and helps to get rid of established stereotypes in different American society groups.

Non-profit organizations carry out active co-operation with their Russian partners in the cultural and humanitarian areas, as well as professional and social exchanges, sister cities movement is dynamically developing. According to the American Association of the Russian language and literature teachers the number of schools and summer camps where children learn Russian continue to grow, resulting in a greater number of international contests in the Russian language. The fact that more young Americans win international Russian language Olympiads serves an evidence of popularity of A.Chekhov, F.Dostoevsky, L.Tolstoy’s language.

It is worth mentioning a successful cooperation of the American partners, particularly the Congress Library with the Russian Cultural Center and the Representative Office of the Russian Foreign Center within the framework of the festival of Russian school and youth libraries “Bibliobraz” as well as publishers’ project “Getting to know each other”.

The American NGOs in co-operation with the Russian Embassy in the US hold traditional cultural charitable events – New Year, Easter and Russian Mardi Gras (“Maslenitsa”) festivals. Special attention is paid to the events for Russian children adopted by Americans. Educational programs held in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institute have become regular events hosted by the Embassy.

The Embassy and the Russian Cultural Center regularly host musicales and art shows. A tribute to V. Gergiev in the Russian Ambassador’s Residence, official reception in the honor of the Bolshoi Theatre and the first of tour around the US the Russian National Philharmonic Orchestra under the guidance of V. Spivakov; a presentation of a new American version of B. Akunin’s works (with a participation of the author) as well as an evening party in commemoration of A. Skryabin became a remarkable cultural event in the life of the American capital. All the mentioned events not only attract our fellow-countrymen, but gain wide publicity in the American society and receive positive reports from the mass media as well.

The geography of such an effective form of familiarizing of the Americans with our culture and traditions as Russian festivals held by both American community and Russian compatriots is expending. Such festivals are held in the states of Washington, Virginia, Michigan, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Florida, and North Carolina.Culture remains one of the most effective channels of the American-Russian cooperation development that has a great potential and effectiveness in strengthening the positive public image of Russia.

American-Russian Cultural Cooperation Foundation

The American-Russian Cultural Cooperation Foundation (ARCCF) is dedicated to the promotion of cultural cooperation between the United States and Russia by organizing galas, concerts, exhibitions, and major commemorative events.
The Foundation’s efforts and accomplishments have been acknowledged by the public, the media of both countries, and by their governments. Their achievements include a series of multi-million dollar exhibitions . Russian cultural artifacts to museums throughout the United States, most notably “Jewels of the Romanovs,” “Churches of Moscow,” and “The Tsar and The President.”
ARCCF was instrumental in erecting Alexander Pushkin’s statue in Washington, DC as well as a reciprocal monument to Walt Whitman in Moscow, thus forming a “poetic bridge” between the two great capitals.

Russian American Space Cooperation

Nowadays Russian spacecrafts are currently the only means of transportation for U.S. astronauts travelling to and from the International Space Station. Russian engines power U.S. rockets that the American government relies upon to launch military cargos into orbit. Russia has also become the sole supplier of plutonium fuel used in batteries that power critical instruments on board of U.S. interplanetary probes. In short, Houston would have a problem without Moscow these days. Similarly, Russia’s rocket makers would not be able to grow their business if it were not for hundreds of millions of dollars that they have earned from launching American astronauts and cargo into space.

This deep interdependence between the United States and Russia in space exploration is taken almost for granted today, but there was a time not so long ago when the two nations viewed space solely as an area of strategic competition.

Conclusion

For more than 200 years, Russia and the United States have shared a multi-faceted diplomatic relationship, at one point even sharing a land border when Russia had a settlement at Fort Ross, California. Over this period, the two countries have competed for political and economic influence, and cooperated to meet mutual global challenges. In 2007, private and government organizations in the United States and Russia mark the bicentennial of diplomatic relations with events that illustrate the depth and history of the relationship.

After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Russian relationship took on a new dimension, and contacts between our citizens expanded rapidly in number and diversity. Russians and Americans work together on a daily basis, both bilaterally and multilaterally, in a wide range of areas, including combating the threats of terrorism, nuclear arms proliferation, HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, and other global challenges. Not surprisingly, there remain issues on which our two governments do not agree. Even after 200 years, our relations continue to evolve in both expected and unexpected ways.

Having watched different videos where the Americans who were in Russia and the Russians, who were in America, were asked about each other I came to the conclusion that people never draw a parallel with the political situation. They know that these nations are amazing and treat each other positively and with respect, they say that we can learn much from each other.

Most Americans do not think about Russia badly, moreover they believe that our nation is cool. Unfortunately, sometimes the political relations and the media push people away from each other.

But not long ago a new president was elected. We believe that he is a wise ,intelligent , sensible person and he understands the profit for the countries from friendly relations between us.

Not long ago the Russian air force and the American-led international coalition carried out their first joint strike on Islamic State militants in northern Syria. Military experts say that new U.S. President Donald Trump intends to put an end to IS. That could be achieved either through ground operations or uniting with Russia.